Wind results from air in motion. Air in motion arises from a pressure gradient. Wind can be broadly classified as “planetary” and “local”. Planetary winds are caused by greater solar heating of the earth`s surface near the equator than near the northern or southern poles. This cause warm tropical air to rise and flow through the upper atmosphere towards the poles & cold air from the poles to flow back to the equator nearer to earth’s surface.  The power in the wind can be computed by using the concepts of kinetics. The wind mill works on the principle of converting kinetic energy of the wind to mechanical energy using wind turbine. Wind turbines are made to rotate with the blowing wind and accordingly electricity been generated.  

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0      INTRODUCTION
1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

1. PROBLEM STATEMENT
2. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
3. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
5. LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
6. APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
7. TYPES OF WIND TURBINE

CHAPTER TWO
2.0      LITERATURE REVIEW

1. INTRODUCTION
2. OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
3. BRIEF HISTORY OF WIND MILLS
4. THE AMERICAN WIND TURBINE ( HALLADAY DESIGN )
5. INITIAL STAGES OF ELECTRICAL POWER PRODUCTION FROM WIND
6. THE NEED FOR DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
7. BASIC CONCEPTS WIND TURBINES

CHAPTER THREE
3.0     CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
3.1      BASICS OF THE SYSTEM
3.2     INDUCTION GENERATOR THEORY
3.3    INDUCTION MOTOR/GENERATOR THEORY
3.4     INDUCTION GENERATOR/MOTOR MECHANICAL DESIGN

3.5   CONVERTER CIRCUITS

3.6    SETUP DIAGRAM

CHAPTER FOUR

1. TESTING AND RESULTS
1. TESTING OF 1000 W ELECTRICAL GENERATOR
2. SAFETY HAZARDS
3. TESTING METHOD
4. DATA COLLECTION: RESULTS: DISCUSSION

CHAPTER FIVE

1. CONCLUSION
2. RECOMMENDATION
3. FUTURE WORK

REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE
1.1                                                        INTRODUCTION
Every device we use in our day-to-day life such as mobile phone, computer, induction cookers, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, etc., requires electric power supply. Thus, the advancement in technology is increasing the electrical and electronic appliances usage – which, in turn – is increasing the power demand. Thus, to meet the load demand, different techniques are used for electric power generation. In the recent times, to avoid pollution and to conserve non-renewable energy resources like coal, petroleum, etc., renewable energy sources like solar, wind, etc., are being preferred for power generation.
However, production of wind energy using wind is discussed in this work. Wind energy is also one of the renewable energy resources that can be used for generating electrical energy with wind turbines coupled with generators. There are various advantages of wind energy, such as wind turbines power generation, for mechanical power with windmills, for pumping water using wind pumps, and so on.
Wind power uses of air flow through wind turbines to mechanically power generators for electricity. Wind power, as an alternative to burning fossil fuels, is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation, uses no water, and uses little land. The net effects on the environment are far less problematic than those of nonrenewable power sources.
Wind power gives variable power which is very consistent from year to year but which has significant variation over shorter time scales. It is therefore used in conjunction with other electric power sources to give a reliable supply. As the proportion of wind power in a region increases, a need to upgrade the grid, and a lowered ability to supplant conventional production can occur. Power management techniques such as having excess capacity, geographically distributed turbines, dispatchable backing sources, sufficient hydroelectric power, exporting and importing power to neighboring areas, using vehicle-to-grid strategies or reducing demand when wind production is low, can in many cases overcome these problems.

1.2                                          BACKGROUND  OF THE PROJECT
Wind power has been used as long as humans have put sails into the wind. For more than two millennia wind-powered machines have ground grain and pumped water. Wind power was widely available and not confined to the banks of fast-flowing streams, or later, requiring sources of fuel. Wind-powered pumps drained the polders of the Netherlands, and in arid regions such as the American mid-west or the Australian outback, wind pumps provided water for live stock and steam engines.
The first windmill used for the production of electricity was built in Scotland in July 1887 by Prof James Blyth of Anderson's College, Glasgow (the precursor of Strathclyde University). Blyth's 10 m high, cloth-sailed wind turbine was installed in the garden of his holiday cottage at Marykirk in Kincardineshire and was used to charge accumulators developed by the Frenchman Camille Alphonse Faure, to power the lighting in the cottage, thus making it the first house in the world to have its electricity supplied by wind power. Blyth offered the surplus electricity to the people of Marykirk for lighting the main street, however, they turned down the offer as they thought electricity was "the work of the devil." Although he later built a wind turbine to supply emergency power to the local Lunatic Asylum, Infirmary and Dispensary of Montrose the invention never really caught on as the technology was not considered to be economically viable.
Across the Atlantic, in Cleveland, Ohio a larger and heavily engineered machine was designed and constructed in the winter of 1887–1888 by Charles F. Brush, this was built by his engineering company at his home and operated from 1886 until 1900. The Brush wind turbine had a rotor 17 m (56 foot) in diameter and was mounted on an 18 m (60 foot) tower. Although large by today's standards, the machine was only rated at 12 kW. The connected dynamo was used either to charge a bank of batteries or to operate up to 100 incandescent light bulbs, three arc lamps, and various motors in Brush's laboratory.
With the development of electric power, wind power found new applications in lighting buildings remote from centrally-generated power. Throughout the 20th century parallel paths developed small wind stations suitable for farms or residences, and larger utility-scale wind generators that could be connected to electricity grids for remote use of power. Today wind powered generators operate in every size range between tiny stations for battery charging at isolated residences, up to near-gigawatt sized offshore wind farms that provide electricity to national electrical networks.

1.3                               OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
This work focuses on the production of electricity using wind. The energy is produced by the use of wind turbine. The objective of the study is to describe such system of power generation.

1.4                                      ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT

• It's a clean fuel source. Wind energy doesn't pollute the air like power plants that rely on combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas. Wind turbines don't produce atmospheric emissions that cause acid rain or greenhouse gases.
• Wind is a domestic source of energy. The nation's wind supply is abundant. Over the past 10 years, cumulative wind power capacity in the United States increased an average of 30% per year, outpacing the 28% growth rate in worldwide capacity.
• It's sustainable. Wind is actually a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the rotation of the Earth, and the Earth's surface irregularities. For as long as the sun shines and the wind blows, the energy produced can be harnessed to send power across the grid.
• Wind power is cost-effective. It is one of the lowest-priced renewable energy technologies available today, costing between four and six cents per kilowatt-hour, depending upon the wind resource and the particular project’s financing.
• Wind turbines can be built on existing farms or ranches. This greatly benefits the economy in rural areas, where most of the best wind sites are found. Farmers and ranchers can continue to work the land because the wind turbines use only a fraction of the land. Wind power plant owners make rent payments to the farmer or rancher for the use of the land, providing landowners with additional income.
• Wind creates jobs. Some Government such as U.S used to invest to build projects and employed workers.

1.6                                       LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

• Good wind sites are often located in remote locations, far from cities where the electricity is needed. Transmission lines must be built to bring the electricity from the wind farm to the city.
• Wind resource development might not be the most profitable use of the land. Land suitable for wind-turbine installation must compete with alternative uses for the land, which might be more highly valued than electricity generation.
• Turbines might cause noise and aesthetic pollution. Although wind power plants have relatively little impact on the environment compared to conventional power plants, concern exists over the noise produced by the turbine blades and visual impacts to the landscape.
• Turbine blades could damage local wildlife. Birds have been killed by flying into spinning turbine blades. Most of these problems have been resolved or greatly reduced through technological development or by properly siting wind plants.
• Wind energy requires expensive storage during peak production time.
• Wind energy can be harnessed only in those areas where wind is strong enough and weather is windy for most parts of the year.
  Usually places, where wind power set-up is situated, are away from the places where demand of electricity is there. Transmission from such places increases cost of electricity.
• The average efficiency of wind turbine is very less as compared to fossil fuel power plants. We might require many wind turbines to produce similar impact.
• Maintenance cost of wind turbines is high as they have mechanical parts which undergo wear and tear over the time.
• Even though there are advantages of wind energy, the limitations make it extremely difficult for it to be harnessed and prove to be a setback.

1.7                          APPLICATION OF WIND-TURBINE
Wind-turbine generators have been built a wide range of power outputs from kilowatt or so to a few thousand kilowatts, machine of low power can generate sufficient electricity for space heating & cooling of names & for operating domestic appliances.
Pumping Application :- A typical wind powered pumping application is onethat might use a horizontal –axis wind used to pump irrigation water. Large number water pumping wind mills have been used in Indian forms other applications that are being developed include the pumping of water for aqueducts or for pumped-hydro storage of energy.
Direct Heat Application :- Mechanical motion derived from wind power can be used to drive heat pumps or to produce heat from the friction of solid materials, or by the charining of water or other fluids or in other cases, by the use of centrifugal or other types of pumps in combination with restrictive orifices that produces heat from friction and turbulence when material having a high heat capacity such as water, stones, electric etc. or the heat may be used directly for such application as heating and cooling of water.
Electric Generation Applications :- Wind power can be used in centralized applications to drive synchronous a.c. electrical generator. In such applications, the energy is fed directly into power networks through voltage step-up transformers.

CHAPTER FIVE
5.1                                                           CONCLUSION
Small scale wind energy conversion systems are an effective, environmentally friendly power source for household and other applications. Although they are subject to climatic behaviour and do not always deliver a constant supply of energy, they can be adapted to energy storage units that allow the selective distribution of the energy once it has been converted.
All modern wind turbines use lift force to create rotational motion in order to drive their gearbox and generator. For electrical energy generation high rotor speeds are favourable as they reduce the gearbox ratio required to achieve the generator’s optimum operating speed. Low solidity rotors ensure high rotational speeds are generated, however a rotor must also produce enough torque to overcome the drive train and generator losses. Three bladed turbines are of the most suitable solidity for a broad range of wind speeds and are the most frequently employed as mechanical/electrical converters.
(Burton, Sharpe, Jenkins and Bossanyi 2001) State that on a good site, a wind turbine recovers the energy used in its manufacture and installation within the first year of its operation.
Whilst this is not always the case, it highlights the potential for wind energy converters as a source of sustainable power supply for the future.
The resultant design of the project is a small scale 1kW electrical energy producing wind turbine. Its design is based on a 3 bladed horizontal axis wind turbine for the application of charging a battery bank in remote or isolated communities and dwellings. The turbine uses and induction generator to produce AC power which then inverted to DC and governed by a shunt regulator.
The rotor has a relatively high torque coefficient and was designed using a cambered aerofoil profile allowing it to produce electricity even at low wind speeds. At low wind speeds the power produced is used to trickle charge a battery bank, the systems energy storage unit.
Once the battery bank is fully charged the shunt regulator diverts the supply to a dump load such as a hot water heating unit so no energy is wasted.
The mechanical design incorporates:

1. Three bladed rotor system with a cambered aerofoil profile
2. 1:6 speed up gear box
3. Centrifugal speed governing brake
4. 1K W AC generator ( dependant on the area of application, wind speeds etc)
5. An aluminium frame
6. A fibre glass nacelle cover with air intakes for the convection cooling of the generator and centrifugal breaking unit.
7. Vein that allows the rotor to adjust to the direction of oncoming wind (yawing)
8. Steel tower ( fibre composites are of preference, see future work)
9. Reinforced concrete foundation ( drilled shaft, bell bottom)

Fig 7.1- Turbine over view, Side view        Fig 7.2- Turbine overview, Front view

Fig 7.3 - Rotor and hub assembly

 

Fig 7.4 - Gear box exploded assembly
The various components of the turbine assembly were designed to be manufactured from materials that are easily recyclable after the turbine reaches its useful life. The gear box housing and nacelle frame work are made from solid rolled plate aluminium due to its high strength to weight ratio and also because aluminium can be easily melted and re-cast. The gears are hardened 4140, a high tensile alloy steel that can be molten and re-cast. The blades were designed to be manufactured from New Guinea rose wood, a short grained, high durability timber, that can be carved, machined and sanded until the desired blade shape is achieved. Using timber as opposed to fibre glass reduces the cost of the blades and also increases the recyclability of the system. A layer of resin is however applied to the outer surface of the blades to water proof the timber.

 

Fig 7.5- Exploded nacelle assembly including rotor
The rotor system is mounted directly to the gearbox input shaft. The input shaft of the gear box is supported radially by two radial roller bearings and axially by a thrust bearing which sits between the gearbox housing and a shoulder on the input shaft.  The gearbox uses sealed roller bearings secured by nylon retaining plates to seal the gearbox and constrain the axial position of the gears. The gears are constrained to the shafts using 6mm key ways and grub screws. The speed of the output shaft of the generator is governed by a centrifugal friction brake which is mounted on the shaft prior to the generator. The speed limiter restricts the maximum rotational speed to 1000 rpm ensuring the turbine does not over-speed and cause damage to any internal components or external bodies. The nacelle frame work which acts as a mounting platform for the brake and generator is directly mounted on the gearbox housing.
The platform was designed to allow the electrical transmission cables to pass from the generator to the centre of the tower where it is diverted to the inverter and regulator circuit.
The nacelle of the turbine is mounted on a pivoting centre at the tip of the tower. The pivot consist of a sleave with an internal heavy duty thrust bearing which allows the rotor and nacelle to adjust itself to the direction of the oncoming wind.
In its fully assembled state the turbine hub centre stands 5.25 m above ground level with the tip of the blades extending to a maximum height of 6.5m. Wind speed varies with height and its flow becomes more consistent with an increase in height. The 5m tower elevates the turbine to a suitable height above interfering objects such as houses and small trees for its implementation in household applications. However the tower acts only as a base for the turbine and the unit could also easily be mounted to existing platforms such as mechanical wind mill towers, roof tops, water tanks and other suitable platforms.
The turbine is designed to operate at its peak rotational speed at a velocity of 9-10 m/s. However in reality the wind speed will need to be marginally higher to account for the drive train and generator losses as well as the imperfections of the rotor design and tip losses caused by wake rotation.
As only the rotor system of the turbine was manufactured it was not possible accurately test the prototype under realistic loading conditions. Due to the size of the rotor (2.5 m ø) it was not possible to fit the prototype into a controlled wind tunnel for testing. A field test was conducted to attain the rotor’s rotational speed at low wind speeds and to form a basis for further testing.

5.3                                 FUTURE WORK

To attain the rotors realistic performance, maximum power coefficient and torque coefficients at different wind speeds, it is envisioned that the turbine be taken to a large controlled flow wind tunnel. The wind speed can then be set to a constant and the rotational speed, interference factor and accurate power coefficients can be gathered at different speeds. Due to a lack of time and equipment torque readings and accurate wind speeds were unattainable during the field trial. A torque measuring device with active feedback control would be a beneficial tool in determining the rotor’s efficiency and mechanical capabilities.
Once the optimum operating conditions are determined, the gear box and generator can be redesigned to a configuration that produces maximum efficiency. This design can then be manufactured and tested to determine the realistic operating performance in an uncontrolled environment.
As the turbine was designed primarily from a mechanical perspective, there is allot of electrical based engineering to do to ensure a safe, effective electrical power regulation and distribution circuit is constructed. Basic electrical theory and circuits were investigated during the course of the project however no specifications were made with respect to the sizing of electrical items and units.

A mechanical to electrical wind energy conversion system is a series of components that require the attention of electrical engineers and technicians as well as mechanical engineers. The tower and foundation design is an area where civil engineers would most likely produce superior designs. The tower designed for this particular turbine was constructed from rolled steel tubing which is very stable and relatively inexpensive.

 

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