ABSTRACT
This work is on design and construction of a 1.5KVA solar energy generator. Solar energy generator and also be called solar inverter. Solar energy generator converts the variable direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network. It is a critical component in a photovoltaic system, allowing the use of ordinary AC-powered equipment.
In solar energy generator, Solar panels produce direct electricity with the help of electrons that are moving from negative to positive direction. Most of the appliances that we use at home work on alternative current. This AC is created by the constant back and forth of the electrons from negative to positive. In AC electricity the voltage can be adjusted according to the use of the appliance. As solar panels only produce Direct current the solar generator is used to convert the DC to AC.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Approval Page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of Content
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Objective of the project
1.2 purpose of the project
1.3 significance of the project
1.4 limitation of the project
1.5
application of the project
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review
2.1 Historitical background of photovotaic cell
2.2 Theoretical review of solar cell
2.3 Review of solar cell efficiency
2.4 Review of solar cell materials
2.5 Review of early solar energy generator
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Construction
3.1 Basic designs of a solar energy generator
3.2 block diagram of the system
3.3 Description of solar energy generator units
3.4 Modified sine wave power solar energy generator circuit
3.5 Circuit operation
3.6 Description of components used
3.7 How to choose the best solar energy generator battery
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.0 Construction Procedure and Testing
4.1 Casing and Packaging
4.2 Assembling of Sections
4.3 Testing of System Operation
4.4 Cost Analysis
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion
5.1 Recommendation
5.2 References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Solar panels produce direct electricity with the help of electrons that are moving from negative to positive direction. Most of the appliances that we use at home work on alternative current. This AC is created by the constant back and forth of the electrons from negative to positive. In AC electricity the voltage can be adjusted according to the use of the appliance. As solar panels only produce Direct current the solar inverter is used to convert the DC to AC.
A solar energy generator produces square waves or a sine wave which can be used for running lights, televisions, lights, motors etc. However these solar energy generator also produce harmonic distortion. Expensive solar energy generator make use of lots of steps to produce a sine wave and thus are found in residential solar energy generator. Basically inverters should be a large one so that it supplies enough power to all the necessary appliances.
Many people using solar inverters these days which prove that its necessity has been increased in the current years. A solar energy generator is similar to a normal electric energy generator but uses the energy of the Sun, that is, Solar energy. A solar inverter helps in converting the direct current into alternate current with the help of solar power. Direct power is that power which runs in one direction inside the circuit and helps in supplying current when there is no electricity. Direct currents are used for small appliance like mobile e phones, MP3 players, IPod etc. where there is power stored in the form of battery. In case of alternative current it is the power that runs back and forth inside the circuit. The alternate power is generally used for house hold appliances. A solar energy generator helps devices that run on DC power to run in AC power so that the user makes use of the AC power. If you are thinking why to use solar energy generator instead of the normal electric one then it is because the solar one makes use of the solar energy which is available in abundant from the Sun and is clean and pollution free.
Solar energy generator is also called as photovoltaic solar energy generator. These devices can help you save lot of money. The small-scale grid one have just two components i.e. the panels and energy generator while the off grid systems are complicated and consists of batteries which allows users to use appliances during the night when there is no Sunlight available. The solar panel and the batteries that are placed on rooftops attract Sun rays and then convert the Sunlight into electricity. The batteries too grab the extra electricity so that it can then be used to run appliances at night.
1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The main objective of the study is to design and construct a device that can collect an input dc voltage from the solar panel and convert it to 220vac output which can be use to power ac appliances. This device delivers an output power of 1.5kva to a load.
1.2 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of a solar inverter is to transform direct current (DC) generated by a PV system into alternating current (AC), which can be sent into an AC appliances. These inverters can be used either in concert with battery systems or to directly power certain devices. They also tend to have a few identifying features that are specifically intended to be used with Photo Voltaic arrays, such as maximum power point tracking (MPPT).
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- Solar energy has always helped in reducing global warming and green house effect.
- Also use of solar energy helps in saving money many people have started using solar based devices
- A solar energy generator helps in converting the Direct current into batteries or alternative current. This helps people who use limited amount of electricity.
- There is this synchronous solar energy generator that helps small homeowners and power companies as they are large in size.
- Then there is this multifunction solar energy generator which is the best among all and works efficiently. It converts the DC power to AC very carefully which is perfect for commercial establishments
- This inverter is cost effective i.e. less expensive than generators
- Apart from solar energy generator there are other devices too that make use of solar energy namely, solar cooker, heater.
- solar energy generator are the best way and they are better than the normal electric ones. Also their maintenance does not cost much money
1.4 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- Initially you need to shell out a lot of money for buying a solar energy generator
- It will work effectively and produce direct current only when the Sunlight is strong.
- The solar panels that are used to attract Sunlight requires lots of space
1.5 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
This study exposes me the applications and uses of a modified sine wave inverter which are as follows:
DC power source utilization
Inverter designed to provide 240 VAC from the 12 VDC source provided in an automobile.
An inverter converts the DC electricity from sources such as batteries, solar panels, or fuel cells to AC electricity. The electricity can be at any required voltage; in particular it can operate AC equipment designed for mains operation, or rectified to produce DC at any desired voltage.
Uninterruptible power supplies
An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) uses batteries and an inverter to supply AC power when main power is not available. When main power is restored, a rectifier supplies DC power to recharge the batteries.
Induction heating
Modified Sine wave Inverters convert low frequency main AC power to higher frequency for use in induction heating. To do this, AC power is first rectified to provide DC power. The inverter then changes the DC power to high frequency AC power.
HVDC power transmission
With HVDC power transmission, AC power is rectified and high voltage DC power is transmitted to another location. At the receiving location, an inverter in a static inverter plant converts the power back to AC. The inverter must be synchronized with grid frequency and phase and minimize harmonic generation.
Variable-frequency drives
A variable-frequency drive controls the operating speed of an AC motor by controlling the frequency and voltage of the power supplied to the motor. An inverter provides the controlled power. In most cases, the variable-frequency drive includes a rectifier so that DC power for the inverter can be provided from main AC power. Since an inverter is the key component, variable-frequency drives are sometimes called inverter drives or just inverters.
VFDs that operate directly from an AC source without first converting it to DC are called cyclo-converters. They are now commonly used on large ships to drive the propulsion motors.
Electric vehicle drives
Adjustable speed motor control inverters are currently used to power the traction motors in some electric and diesel-electric rail vehicles as well as some battery electric vehicles and hybrid electric highway vehicles such as the Toyota Prius, BYD e6 and Fisker Karma. Various improvements in inverter technology are being developed specifically for electric vehicle applications.In vehicles with regenerative braking, the inverter also takes power from the motor (now acting as a generator) and stores it in the batteries.
Air conditioning
An inverter air conditioner uses a variable-frequency drive to control the speed of the motor and thus the compressor.
Electroshock weapons
Electroshock weapons and tasters have a DC/AC inverter to generate several tens of thousands of V AC out of a small 9 V DC battery. First the 9VDC is converted to 400–2000V AC with a compact high frequency transformer, which is then rectified and temporarily stored in a high voltage capacitor until a pre-set threshold voltage is reached. When the threshold (set by way of an air gap or TRIAC) is reached, the capacitor dumps its entire load into a pulse transformer which then steps it up to its final output voltage of 20–60 kV. A variant of the principle is also used in electronic flash and bug zappers, though they rely on a capacitor-based voltage multiplier to achieve their high voltage.
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