A survey of intestinal parasites of domestic fowl was carried out in Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria during 2009. One hundred and eighty (180) gastrointestinal samples were examined microscopically using the direct smear and floatation technique. The result showed a high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection. Nematodes especially Ascaridia galli 47 (41.6%).and Capillaria caudinflata were most prevalent in the birds. Raillietina tetragona 11 (6.1%) was found to be the highest in occurrence among the cestodes encountered. No trematode was encountered among the birds, while Eimeria tenella 7 (3.9%) was the most prevalent protozoa. The average parasite burden per fowl was found to be 9.8 and majority of the species were restricted to small intestine. Twenty three (12.7%) cases of mixed infections were encountered. The study reveals that there was a high prevalence of intestinal parasites of domestic fowl in the study area. This calls for improved management and disease control to enhance their potential. Keywords: Intestinal parasites, domestic fowl, parasite burden, predilection, mixed infection.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of content
List of table
List of figure
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
Objective of the study
Scope of the study
Problem of the study
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW of “an epidemology survey helminthic parasite”
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Areas of study
3.2 Collection of Specimen
3.3 Method Involved
3.4 Experiment
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 DISCUSSION
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
5.3 CONCLUSION
5.4 REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is widely reared traditionally in the tropics (Hodasi, 1979; Permin and Hansen, 1998). These chickens are the most important protein sources of human population in some developed and developing countries of the world and also serve as means of generating income. The local family poultry is an integrated component of nearly all rural and some urban households in Nigeria. The main advantage of indigenous breeds is that their production is not labour intensive. They can thrive under adverse conditions (e.g. poor mismanagement, diseases, lack of feeding and predators), which may cause low productivity and high mortality (Akinwumi et al., 1979). Since these domestic fowls are sources of ready cash and meat to the local communities, their potential could be enhanced through improved management and disease control. Parasitic diseases are problems wherever poultry are raised whether in large commercial operations or in small backyard flocks and economic losses can be significant (Fatihu et al., 1991). These parasites constitute a major factor limiting fruitful production in poultry industry by affecting the growth rate of the flock resulting in organ malfunctioning and finally death (Soulsby, 1982). Effective control measures however can be realistic if based on a thorough knowledge of the epidemiology of the endemic infectious agents. Limited studies undertaken on commercial farms which raise mainly exotic birds indicated that helminth infection is a threat to the Nigerian poultry industry (Oyeka, 1989). There is a definite paucity of information on infections of indigenous fowl especially in Lokoja, Kogi State of Nigeria. However some studies have been carried out in Northern and Southern Nigeria (Fatihu et al., 1991; Riise et al., 2004). Poor management systems and most importantly diseases are the major cause of financial loss in poultry production (Oluyemi and Robert, 1979). Ajayi and Ajayi (1983) found that the major constraint to profitable livestock and poultry production in several countries including Nigeria could be traced to helminthiasis. The domestic chicken has a wide range of feeding habits including feeding on faeces which may be carrying stages of parasites, thus predisposing them to parasitic infections (Adang 1999). Heavy gastrointestinal helminthiasis is characterized by retarded growth, emaciation, decreased egg production, mucoid diarrhoea, catarrh, loss of appetite, anaemia, weakness, paralysis and death (Nair and Nadakal, 1981; Fatihu et al ., 1991). These are causes of great economic loses. Scavenging, backyard and free-range poultry production systems have by definition a much greater degree of contact with potential disease causing organisms and diseases prophylaxis is uncommon (Damerow, 1994). The objective of this study is to investigate the helminth parasites found in domestic fowls in Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria. This investigation is aimed at providing information on their prevalence, species composition, preferred site of infection and parasite burden.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Helminth is a general term meaning worm. The helminths are invertebrates characterized by elongated, flat or round bodies. In medically oriented schemes the flatworms or platyhelminths (platy from the Greek root meaning “flat”) include flukes and tapeworms. Roundworms are nematodes (nemato from the Greek root meaning “thread”). These groups are subdivided for convenience according to the host organ in which they reside, e.g., lung flukes, extraintestinal tapeworms, and intestinal roundworms. This chapter deals with the structure and development of the three major groups of helminths.
Helminths develop through egg, larval (juvenile), and adult stages. Table 86-1 gives the names applied to various larval helminths. Knowledge of the different stages in relation to their growth and development is the basis for understanding the epidemiology and pathogenesis of helminth diseases, as well as for the diagnosis and treatment of patients harboring these parasites.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
Therefore, this study aimed at providing an insight into the diversity and epidemiological pattern of the helminth parasites of local and exotic domestic fowls in Lokoja, kogi state, Nigeria.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The presence of endoparasites in both local and exotic breeds of domestic fowls in this study poses serious concerns in view of their negative impacts on the health status and productivity of the fowls (Ruff, 1999). The impact is known to be more on the local domestic fowls which are normally given little or no care (Magwisha et al., 2002). The diversity of the recorded parasites concurs with the findings of some previous workers (Luka and Ndams, 2007; Nnadi and George, 2010).
1.4 PROBLEM OF THE STUDY
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