IDENTIFICATION OF WELL PROBLEMS USING WELL TESTING
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TITLE PAGE
BY
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--/H2013/01430
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APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "identification of well problems using well testing" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
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Supervisor Head of Department.
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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
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Well tests exist already for a long time. Since the first oil reservoir was discovered, oil companies have always been keen on estimating reservoir properties such as size. Present day well testing has gone beyond this and its usefulness cannot be overemphasized. This project work is concerned with the use of well testing in identifying well problems. The case under study is the UMU-N2 well of Umusadege field, Kwale. From analysis of the well test data, it was seen that the well had impairment which was due to reduced permeability and thus, required stimulation for improved recovery of the hydrocarbons present. Also, there was high sand and water production which also reduced the productivity of the well.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Content
Title
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of contents
List of figures
List of tables
Nomenclature
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Types of Well Testing
1.2 Aims / Objectives
1.3 Scope and Limitations
1.4 Methodology
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Division of Well Testing
2.3 Objectives of Well Testing (Surface Well Testing)
2.4 Objectives of Well Testing (Sub-surface Well Testing)
2.5 Other reasons for Well Testing
2.5.1 Legal consideration
2.5.2 Economic consideration
2.6 Classification of Well Testing
2.6.1 Periodic productivity test
2.6.2 Production or Deliverability test
2.6.2.1 Productivity index test
2.6.2.2 Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) test
2.6.2.3 Flow after flow test
2.6.2.4 Isochronal test
2.6.2.5 Modified Isochronal test
2.6.2.6 Potential test
2.6.2.7 Pressure Transient test
2.7 Classification of Pressure Transient test
2.7.1 Pressure Drawdown test
2.7.2 Pressure Build-up test
2.7.3 Injectivity test
2.7.4 Fall-off test
2.7.5 Interference test
2.7.6 Multiple rate test
2.7.7 Drill Stem test
2.7.7.1 Drill Stem test tools and technique
2.7.7.2 Drill Stem testing operations
2.7.8 Pulse test
2.8 Flowing Gradient (FG) and Static Gradient (SG)
2.8.1 Flowing Gradient (FG)
2.8.2 Static Gradient (SG)
2.8.3 Complete BHP (Well testing) profiles
2.9 Basis of Well testing
2.9.1 Reservoir Environment
2.9.2 The inner boundary condition
2.9.3 Well bore storage
2.9.4 Skin effect
2.9.5 Induced fracture
2.9.6 Condition around region Two
2.9.7 Homogenous Reservoir
2.9.8 Heterogenous Reservoir
2.9.9 Outer boundary condition
2.9.10 Transient State phase
2.10 Reservoir boundary phase
2.11 Flow regimes
2.11.1 Steady State flow
2.11.2 Unsteady State flow
2.11.3 Pseudo Steady State flow
2.12 Diagnostic analysis
2.13 Difficulties encountered while performing well test
2.13.1 Periodic change of flowrateand pressure
2.13.2 Stabilization period
2.13.3 Fluid Slugging into the separator
2.13.4 Formation Hydrate
2.14 Well problems
2.14.1 Low productivity
2.14.2 Low reservoir permeability
2.14.3 Low reservoir pressure
2.14.4 Formation damage and skin value
2.14.4.1 The concept of damage zone around the wellbore
2.14.4.2 Skin
2.14.4.3 Formation damage skin
2.14.5 Wellbore or Tubing plugging
2.14.6 High viscosity oil
2.14.7 Excessive back pressure on formation
2.14.8 Inadequate Gas lift system
2.14.9 Gas problem in oil wells
2.15 DESCRIPTION OF TERMS
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Case Study
3.1 Well History
3.2 Production data table
3.3 Production versus Time reading for UMU-N2 WELL
3.5 BHP Graph of Pwsversus∆t
3.6 The Graph of log ∆p versus ∆t
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Analysis of Data
4.1 Production data analysis
4.2 Analysis of the BHP data
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendations
References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In the petroleum industry, awell test is the execution of a set of planneddata acquisitionactivities to broaden the knowledge and understanding of hydrocarbons properties and characteristics of the underground reservoir wherehydrocarbonsare trapped. The overall objective is identifying the reservoir's capacity to produce hydrocarbons, such a soil, natural gasandcondensate. Data gathered during the test period includesvolumetric flow rateandpressure observed in the selected well. Well testing can be surface or subsurface testing and each type has its own objectives. A properly designed, executed and analyzed well test usually can provide information about formation permeability, extent of wellbore damage or stimulation, reservoir pressure, reservoir boundaries and heterogeneities etc. Outcomes of a well test, for instance flow rate data andgas oil ratio data, may support thewellallocationprocess for an ongoing production phase, while other data about the reservoir capabilities will support reservoir management. A well is said to have problem when its behavior deviates from the normal production pattern. Typical well problems for producing wells include low productivity, low reservoir pressure, formation damage and skin value, high viscosity oil, wellbore and tubing plugging, high gas- oil ratio etc. Hence, well testing is therefore one of the economic source of valuable information about reservoir properties such as porosity, permeability, fluid viscosity, reservoir limit, drainage volume and vertical permeability orientation etc.
1.1 TYPES OF WELL TESTING
Generally,Well testing can be divided into three types viz:
- Pressure transient test
- Periodic productive test
- Deliverability test
- PRESSURE TRANSIENT TEST:This is a means of assessingreservoirperformance by measuring flow rates and pressures under a range of flowing conditions and then applying the data to a mathematicalmodel. During the flow period,thepressure at the formation is monitored over time. Classification of pressure transient test includes pressure drawdown test, pressure build-up test, injectivity test, inference test, fall off test etc. These tests requires higher degree of sophistication and used to determine formation damage or stimulation related to reservoir parameters such as permeability, porosity, pressure, volume etc.
- PERIODIC PRODUCTIVE WELL TEST: This is a routine test carried out to physically measure oil, gas and water produced by a particular well under normal producing conditions. It helps to determine the daily production of oil, water and gas. These information serve as an aid in well and reservoir operations and also in meeting legal and regulatory requirements.
- DELIVERABILITY PRODUCTIVITY TESTS: This is an intensive oil and gas well test which involves the physical or empirical determination of fluid flow rate versus bottom hole pressure drawdown with a limited number of measurements in order to determine the capability of the well under various degree of pressure drawdown. This test is usually carried out on a newly completed well. Results may be used to set allowable production and in the selection of artificial lift system and production facilities. Classification of deliverability tests include Inflow performance relationship (IPR) test, flow after flow test, isochronal test, Potential test etc.
- AIMS/OBJECTIVES:
- To study the various types of well tests carried out in the oil industry and how they can be used in identifying well problems.
- To analyze well test data gotten from UMU-N2 well in order to determines its reservoir characteristics by the application of well test knowledge.
- To make conclusions on the state of the UMU-N2 well on the basis of data analysis and give possible recommendations.
- SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
The scope of this project is limited to the data of a particular well test that was carried out on UMU-N2 well which would be used for determining problems and evaluating well productivity.
- METHODOLOGY
- Literature review of textbooks, journals, articles etc., and surfing the internet for necessary information.
- Obtaining well test data of well UMU-N2 well from the company and carrying out analysis with the aid of mathematical calculations and graphical plots to evaluate the well problems.
- The formation damage should be removed or repaired. This requires a damage removal technique which is usually matrix acidizing but may occasionally involve hydraulic fracturing
- As for the sand production, the wellbore should be cleaned out and the gravel pack re-installed such that it has high intergrity.
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
From the analysis carried out on Umu-N2 well, it was discovered that there was formation damage which has made the permeability inadequate to allow the well to produce at rates high enough for the timely recovery of investment in drilling and completing the well. Also, the high sand and water production is detrimental to high productivity.5.2 RECOMMENDATION
The excessive water production can be curbed by squeezing off the perforations and re-perforating at a suitable upper interval.
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CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "identification of well problems using well testing" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "identification of well problems using well testing" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
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