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--/H2013/01430
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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "a study of effect of impurities on distribution transformer oil" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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Water impurity is the essential factor of reducing the insulation performance of transformeroil, which directly determines the operating safety and life of a transformer.Molecular dynamicssimulations and first-principles electronic-structure calculations are employed to study the diffusionbehavior of water molecules and the electrical breakdown mechanism of transformer oil containingwater impurities. The molecular dynamics of an oil-water micro-system model demonstrates that theincrease of aging acid concentration will exponentially expedite thermal diffusion of water molecules.Densityofstates(DOS)foralocalregionmodeloftransformeroilcontainingwatermoleculesindicates that water molecules can introduce unoccupied localized electron-states with energy levelsclose to the conduction band minimum of transformer oil, which makes water molecules capable ofcapturing electrons and transforming them into water ions during thermal diffusion. Subsequently,under a high electric field, water ions collide and impact on oil molecules to break the molecular chainoftransformeroil,engenderingcarbonizedcomponentsthatintroduceaconductionelectronic-bandin the band-gap of oil molecules as a manifestation of forming a conductive region in transformer oil.The conduction channel composed of carbonized components will be eventually formed, connectingtwo electrodes, with the carbonized components developing rapidly under the impact of water ions,based on which a large number of electron carriers will be produced similar to “avalanche” discharge,leadingtoanelectricalbreakdownoftransformeroilinsulation.Thewaterimpurityinoil,asthekeyfactorforformingthe carbonizedconductingchannel,initiatestheelectricbreakdownprocessoftransformeroil,which isdominated bythermal diffusionof watermolecules.Theincreaseofaging acid concentration will significantly promote the thermal diffusion of water impurities and theformation of an initial conducting channel, accounting for the degradation in dielectric strength ofinsulatingoilcontainingwaterimpuritiesafterlong-termoperationofthetransformer.
Keywords:transformeroil;electricalbreakdown; water impurity; insulatingoil;moleculardynamics;first-principlescalculation

TABLE OF CONTENTS
 TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1     OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY

2.2     TRANSFORMER OIL

2.3     TRANSFORMER OIL TYPE

2.4    TRANSFORMER OIL PROPERTIES

2.5    MECHANICAL IMPURITIES IN TRANSFORMER OIL

2.6          CONTAMINANTS OF TRANSFORMER OIL
2.7      REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
CHAPTER THREE

3.0      METHODOLOGY

3.1      MODELESTABLISHMENTANDSIMULATIONMETHOD
3.1.1   TransformerOilModel

• ModelofOil-Water-AcidSystem

3.2      SIMULATIONMETHODS

CHAPTER FOUR

• SIMULATIONRESULTSANDANALYSIS

4.1     DIFFUSIONCOEFFICIENT

• FIRST-PRINCIPLESELECTRONICSTRUCTURECALCULATION
• BREAKDOWNMECHANISMOFTRANSFORMEROILWITHWATERIMPURITIES

CHAPTER FIVE
5.1      CONCLUSION
5.2      RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                             INTRODUCTION

1.1                               BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Transformer is one of the main assets in the electrical power industry which needs to be maintained for guaranteed uninterrupted power transmission in order to get assured revenue benefits. Transformer’s life mainly depends on the quality of its insulating oil i.e. transformer oil. Since transformer oil serves as a dielectric material and as an effective coolant in transformer, to perform these functions effectively the transformer oil must be purified regularly.Transformer internal insulation is primarily composed of an oil-paper compositesystem. Transformer oil, as the insulation and cooling fundamental, directly determinesthe operation safety and life of a transformer (Wang et al., 2018). In the manufacturing, transportation,assembly, and operation processes of transformers, water impurities that inevitably existingin transformer oil will reduce the electrical and aging resistance of transformer oil andeven lead to the breakdown infraction of transformer internal insulation (Lundgaard et al., 2004). The researcheson the diffusion behavior of water impurities in transformer oil and its effect on thedielectricbreakdownofthetransformercanprovideatheoreticalbasisforfurtherexploringdielectric failure mechanisms of transformer oil to improve the safe and stable operation oftransformers.
At present, most of the theoretical atomic-level researches of water impurities intransformer oil merely focus on the analyses of diffusion and distribution law, withoutreckoning on water impurities in the breakdown process of transformer oil. Therefore,inthispaper,molecularsimulationtechnologyisusedtoestablishthemultiple-moleculemodel of transformer oil with water impurities to calculate mean square displacementanddiffusioncoefficientsofwatermoleculesintransformeroilatdifferenttemperatures,based on which the electron properties of the local region containing water molecule intransformeroilarecalculatedbymeansofafirst-principlesmethodtoexploreelectricalbreakdown mechanismofwater-containing transformeroil.
1.2                                                   PROBLEM STATEMENT
To extend the service life and ensure the operability of oil-filled transformer equipment, the attention is paid to the development of methods for monitoring the state of oil-barrier insulation. When monitoring the technical condition of transformer oil, the class of liquid purity is determined depending on the rated voltage of the equipment. However, the influence of the parameters of mechanical impurities on the breakdown voltage is not taken into account, thereby lowering the requirements for the quality of oil barrier insulation. This makes it relevant to study the influence of the size distribution of impurity particles on the electric strength of the internal insulation of power transformers and determine the parameters of particles of mechanical impurities to justify the underestimation of the quality indicators of transformer oil in operation.
1.3                                   AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main aim of this work is to study the effect of impurities on distribution transformer oil. The objectives are:

• To study oil-barrier insulation
• To study factors that reduces the insulation performance of transformeroil
• To carryout a molecular dynamics Simulations andfirst-principlescalculations.

1.4                                                     SCOPE OF THE STUDY
To determine the maximum and minimum voltages, the standard values of the average breakdown voltages and the results of operational tests of transformer oil in a standard spark gap were used. The relation between the particle size of mechanical impurities and the breakdown voltage of transformer oil has been established. The particle size range that defines the maximum and minimum breakdown voltages has been determined, and the values of limit concentrations of mechanical particles have been established. The obtained parameters of impurity particles which determine the maximum and minimum breakdown voltages of the operating oils can be used to evaluate the technical condition when diagnosing the internal insulation of power transformers in order to increase their operational reliability, as well as to adjust the regulatory requirements for the quality of operational transformer oil according to the content of mechanical impurities.
1.5                                           SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will go a long way helping in determining the essential electrical properties of transformer oil. Also, the study will be useful to power engineers in identifying if a certain oil is suitable for future use or not.
Finally, the study will be used in preventing untimely failures and maximize safety

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1                                              CONCLUSIONS

The electrical breakdown mechanism of transformer oil that has water impurities andis used in long-term operation has been investigated by molecular dynamics simulationsusing first-principleselectronic-structure calculations.Thediffusion processesof watermolecules in transformer oil with aging acid at different temperatures were dynamicallysimulated to evaluate the temperature and aging acid concentration that evidently affectedthe diffusion coefficient of water molecules in transformer oil.In first-principles calculations, a local area model of a water-oil system was used to theoretically reveal the electricalbreakdown mechanism of transformer oil.Water molecules introduce unoccupied localstatesthatcaptureelectronsandtransformthemintonegativewaterionsthatwillbeaccelerated to a high velocity and impact and break oil molecule chains,which can beaggravated by thermal diffusion of the water molecules. Carbonized components introduceimpurityconductionmini-bandsofelectronic-statesintotheband-gapofoilmolecules,which act as conductive regions that will thermally extend to form a conduction channelbetween electrodes. A large amount of electrons will be injected from the electrode into theconduction channel to discharge in an avalanche process of complete electric breakdown.For transformer oil containing water impurities, the thermal diffusion of water moleculesand the high-velocityimpactofwaterionsonoilmoleculesunderahighelectricfieldformconductionchannels.Therefore,waterimpurities,which areexpeditedbyagingacidin diffusion, play a role in initializing the electric breakdown process of transformer oilsystems.
5.2      RECOMMENDATION
For effective operation of the transformer, it is recommended that the oil in any transformer be checked and monitored. Transformer oil needs to be tested to ensure that it works for today’s standards. Testing standards and procedures are defined by various international standards, and most of them are set by the ASTM

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CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "a study of effect of impurities on distribution transformer oil" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "a study of effect of impurities on distribution transformer oil" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "a study of effect of impurities on distribution transformer oil" was reviewed.

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "a study of effect of impurities on distribution transformer oil" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "a study of effect of impurities on distribution transformer oil" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "a study of effect of impurities on distribution transformer oil" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "a study of effect of impurities on distribution transformer oil" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "a study of effect of impurities on distribution transformer oil" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "a study of effect of impurities on distribution transformer oil" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

 

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