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TITLE PAGE

A STUDY OF THE RECENT ADVANCES IN ROBOTICS ENGINEERING

BY

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EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---

DECEMBER,2018

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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "a study of the recent advances in robotics engineering" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on Electrical and Electronics Engineering has been approved.

By
Dr. ---                                           Dr. ---
Supervisor                                                  Head of Department.
Signature……………….                           Signature……………….        

……………………………….
Dr. ---
External Invigilator

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.

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The future is not written yet and who knows whether robots are dangerous or not. What is for sure is that humans, being the curious beings, will develop new advanced generations of robots. Robots and other high-performance inventions have always been of a vast interest for humanity. A great number of scientists have spent the whole life in their laboratories with one aim “ to work out innovative schemes, develop them and create some highest qualitative ranking robot”. This engrossing process has reached its peak with the technical push that took place due to the endeavors of a number of brilliant and clear intellects of scientists all over the world. The most striking fantasies in this sphere are brought successfully into reality and a great number of robots are in service of people in order to make the process of work or manufacturing automatic. It happens so that people and robots go together in this life side by side, in some spheres of life they are even interchangeable and who knows into what this opposition “Human and Robots” will translate. The future of robots is mere speculation, but judging from developments in recent years, the continued advancements in technology are a foregone conclusion. Robots will likely continue to impact various aspects of our lives, and scientists and philosophers continue to debate the possibilities for the human race. As artificial intelligence continues to develop, there may be a point in which robots become superior to mankind. No matter the future holds, robots will  have a place in it.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0      INTRODUCTION
1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1. AIM OF THE STUDY
2. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
3. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
5. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
6. APPLICATION OF THE STUDY
7. ADVANTAGES OF ROBOT
8. DISADVANTAGES OF ROBOTS

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

1. OVERVIEW OF A ROBOT
2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF ROBOT
3. ORIGIN OF THE TERM 'ROBOT'
4. REVIEW OF ROBOTICS
5. REVIEW OF ADVANCED ROBOT SENSORS

CHAPTER THREE
3.0     METHODOLOGY
3.1      INTRODUCTION
3.2      TERRESTRIAL APPLICATIONS
3.3      SPACE APPLICATIONS
3.4      UNDERWATER APPLICATIONS
3.5      LOCOMOTION APPLICATION
CHAPTER FOUR

1. COMPONENTS OF ROBOTS
2. CHALLENGES OF THE RESEARCH

CHAPTER FIVE

1. CONCLUSION
2. RECOMMENDATION
3. REFERENCES

 CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION
Robotics is a multi-disciplinary domain which deals with study and use of robots. The word robot derived from  'robota', meaning 'forced labor', was first used by Czech  writer in 1921 is play ' Rossum's Universal Robots (RUR)'. Lead by science fiction, robots were considered as futuristic machines. Through technological advancements in various fields of electronics, mechanical, computer, information technology, scientists and engineers have been striving hard to practically realize these machines. Major breakthrough was reported with the advent of feedback  control  systems and self-correcting mechanisms [1]. In the present century, the domain of robotics is undergoing a major transformation in dimension as well as scope. Recent advances have revolutionized this domain at an incredible pace far beyond the contemporary state of the art. It is predicted that within a few years, robotics engineering will stand on its own as a distinct engineering discipline.
Based on the Robotics Institute of America (RIA) definition, "A robot is a reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks". The course of the past few years has witnessed a large rise in the use of robots. This trend is anticipated to be continued due to various concrete facts. Global markets require modernization of production procedures. Demand in variety of products together with strict requirements of improved quality has highlighted role of flexible automation systems centered on high tech robots with excellent throughput. Robots act as a good replacement to humans in performing tedious, dangerous and dirty tasks. Broadly categorizing, robots can be divided into two categories; articulated robotic manipulators and mobile robots. Articulated robots are usually multi-Degree Of Freedom (DOF) arms which present an evident anthropomorphic character with a strong resemblance to the human arm [2]. While articulated robots are usually fixed in their operational environment, mobile robots on the other hand have the capability to move around in virtue of the locomotion system [3]. The locomotion can be based on wheels, tracks or legs [4].

1.1                                           BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The robotic history has its roots since ancient myths and legends. Modern concepts began when industrial revolution allowed the use of complex mechanics. After 1920s human sized robots were developed with the capacity for near human thoughts and movements. Robots were first used in industries for manufacturing tasks without the need of human assistance. Digitally controlled robots and robots making use of artificial intelligence started to develop since 1960s.
Can we ever imagine that the origin of robotics have begun from 200 BC? Archytas built a mechanical wooden bird “The Pigeon” propelled by steam around 350 BC. In 1921, Karel Capek came up with word robot for his intelligence, artificially created person for the first time in his play. Though the concept of robot was around since ancients, modern day robot was born with the arrival of computers in 1940s. The robot became a popular concept from late 1950 onwards. Industrial robots do not have human like appearance. They are computer controlled manipulators. Robots were created to help humans. Robots can do even those tasks which human cannot do. Engleberger modified the earliest robots invented by George C. Devol into industrial robots and formed a company called Unimation to produce and market the robots. For his efforts and successes, he is known as “the Father of Robotics” in the industry.
Robots can be of various types like autonomous, remote controlled or semi autonomous. Robots have replaced humans in the assistance to perform those repetitive and dangerous tasks which humans prefer not to do, or are unable to do due to size limitations, or even those such as in outer space or at the bottom of the sea where humans could not sustain the extreme environments. Robots in earlier ages were used primarily for entertainment purpose. In today’s modern life, technology has contributed in many ways to comfort people’s lives. Especially robotic systems with an artificial intelligence have many industrial applications and have become increasingly important for some people. From 20th century onwards the development of industrial robots changed the structure of society and allowed for safer conditions for labor. Industry has benefited drastically from the robotic work force. Automated machines have taken the dangerous jobs from humans and allowed greater productivity. Farmers have taken advantage of this new robotic technology with automated harvesters, the medical industry benefits from advancements in assisted surgical robotics. IBM runs a “lights off” factory in Texas, USA with an idea of a factory without human workers, which is staffed by fully autonomous robots making keyboards. Among the various programs launched by the currently military in the field of robotic technology, the most successful one was the predator and Reaper unmanned aerial reconnaissance vehicles which allowed only a pilot to control the robot from vast distances. The major advantage of these vehicles being high-altitude surveillance for long periods with no support to a live pilot, and during emergencies the planes can launch with small strikes on targets in zones which couldn’t be operated by normal aircrafts.
As a result of artificial intelligence development as well as advances made in the robotics field the interaction between robots and humans is becoming stronger as they have become an absolutely essential tool in ensuring the quality in our lives. The advent of robots is quickly becoming an intrinsic part of our daily lives. Understanding the advancements in the current scenario of robotic technology, which is not just a subject but a vast field that is exploring within its colossal innovations. This paper tries to make an effort in the current advancements of various applications of robotic technology.

1.2                                                     AIM OF THE STUDY
The main of this work is to highlight and discuss an effort in the current advancements of various applications of robotic technology.

1.3                                               OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
At the end of this study, students involved shall be able to understand:

1. Various field of application of robotic technology.
2. Impact of robotics engineering on our daily lives
3. The enormous improvement in robotic technology
4. terrestrial applications of robots
5. challenges of research in the domain of robotics.

1.4                                                   SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Robots made its place in the pre 20th century era as a part of an entertaining tool who never thought it could have any sensational role in today’s life. From the baby’s toy to the current sensor bots and much more advanced innovations as such have made man’s life much easier, luxurious and accurate outcomes. Thus this field is currently expanding and enormously growing in the way nobody can just estimate. This field has shown much of profit zone and promising outcomes which have benefited many colossal arenas. This successive generation of Robots has challenged the current scientists and is welcoming the new ideologies and technologies to improve the functioning for a better tomorrow.
This current review tries to put an effort in understanding the advancements that has taken place in the past few decades to the date. It tries to bridge up the gap and helps the current budding scientists to understand the present scenario who can challenge the enormously improving technologies and make much more advancements in this field.
1.5                                            APPLICATION OF THE STUDY
The study of advancement of robotics technology is not only useful to student involved of the study but also to everyone experiencing the advancement of technology at large. This is because almost all field of study are now applying robotic technology for accuracy and fast result of their works.

1.6                                           SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is important in that it helps the reader understanding the advancements that has taken place in the past few decades to the date in robotics engineering by knowing all the area of application of robotic engineering.
1.7                                               ADVANTAGES OF ROBOT
Based on this study, the advantages of robot are as follow [6]:

1. The robots can go far down into the unknown places where the humans would be crushed, they can give us the information that the humans can’t get, and they can work at places 24/7 without any salary and food.
2. The robots can perform the tasks faster than the humans and much more consistently and accurately, they become more common each and every day.
3. Most of robots are automatic so, they can move without any human interference.
4. The robots do anything which we need to be precise and accurate.
5. The robots can endure the hostile environment of the interplanetary space, they are made that the planetary atmospheres do not affect their physical state and performance, they can replace the human beings in many areas of work, they can shoulder greater responsibilities and they can be programmed to manage themselves.
6. The robots can be used in carrying out the repetitive and time-consuming tasks efficiently, they are used to do dangerous tasks, they can adjust their parameters like their speed and time, they can act quickly, unaffected by the factors that affect the humans.
7. The robots do not require sleeping or taking breaks, they are able to function without stopping, when employed to carry out dangerous tasks, the risk to the human health and safety is reduced, they can work long time without service or maintenance and they can be more productive than the people.
8. The robots are designed to work in harsh environments like in space, without the air, underwater and in the fire, they can be used instead of the people when the human safety is a concern, they can come in any size, whatever size needed for any task can be created.
9. The robots can do the jobs that the people are unwilling to do, many robotic probes have been sent throughout the solar system to never return back to Earth, They can be stronger than the people, robot in the warfare eliminate putting more people at risk.

1.8                                            DISADVANTAGE OF ROBOTS
Robots used in agricultural sector and breweries are limited to the following points [6]:
Robots need a supply of power, The people can lose jobs in factories, They need the maintenance to keep them running, It costs a lot of money to make or buy the robots, The software and the equipment that you need to use with the robot cost much money.
Robots can take the place of many humans in factories, So, the people have to find new jobs or be retrained, They can take the place of the humans in several situations, If the robots begin to replace the humans in every field, They will lead to unemployment.
Robots cost much money in maintenance and repair, the programs need to be updated to suit the changing requirements, the machines need to be made smarter, In case of breakdown, the cost of repair may be very high, the procedures to restore lost code or data may be time-consuming and costly.
The robots can store large amounts of data but the storage, access, retrieval is not as effective as the human brain, they can perform the repetitive tasks for a long time but they do not get better with experience such as the humans do.
The robots are not able to act any different from what they are programmed to do, With the heavy application of robots, the humans may become overly dependent on the machines, losing their mental capacities, If the control of robots goes in the wrong hands, the robots may cause the destruction.
The robots are not intelligent or sentient, they can never improve the results of their jobs outside of their predefined programming, they do not think, They do not have emotions or conscience, This limits how the robots can help and interact with people.

CHAPTER TWO: The complete chapter two of “a study of the recent advances in robotics engineering” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of “a study of the recent advances in robotics engineering” consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on “a study of the recent advances in robotics engineering” was reviewed.

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of “a study of the recent advances in robotics engineering” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of “a study of the recent advances in robotics engineering” consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

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