ADVANCE VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS FOR 132KV TRANSMISSION NETWORK OF THE NIGERIAN EASTERN ZONE USING VOLTAGE STABILITY INDEX
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Modern power systems are operating undermuch stressed conditions and this is making the system tooperate closer to their operating limits. Since a couple ofdecadesagovoltage stability assessmenthasreceivedanincreasing attention due to the complexity of power system.Withtheincreaseinpowerdemandandlimitedpowersourceshas caused the system to operate at its maximum capacity.Therefore, a study that is able to determine the maximumcapacity limit before voltage collapse must be carried out sothatnecessaryprecautioncanbetakentoavoidsystemcapacityviolation.ThispaperdiscussaVoltageStabilityIndex (VSI) for IEEE 30bus system. Voltage stability indices (VSIs) are very vital to voltage stability assessment; they have several areas of application such as distributed generation (DG) placement and sizing, detection of the critical regions, lines, and buses and contingency ranking and planning. These indices can be used to activate countermeasures against voltage instability. The Voltage stability indices is indicative inpredictingtheoccurrenceofsystemcollapseandhencenecessary action can be taken to avoid such incident. HeresimulationofVSIhasbeendoneforIEEE30-bustestsystemtoidentifymoresensitivemethodtodetecttheweakestlineofthesystem.
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.3 AIM / OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
1.6 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION
1.7 THESISORGANIZATION
CHAPTER TWO
- LITERATURE REVIEW
- INTRODUCTION
- OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
- POWERSYSTEMSTABILITY
2.3.1 PowerSystemStability
TheBasicFormsofPowerSystemStability
VOLTAGESTABILITYANALYSIS
THEOPERATINGSTATESOF ANELECTRICPOWERSYSTEM
VOLTAGESTABILITYINDICES
FORMULATIONOFVOLTAGESTABILITYINDICES(VSIS)
REVIEWANDCOMPARISONOFLINESTABILITYINDICES
CAUSES OF VOLTAGE INSTABILITY
METHODS FOR IMPROVINGVOLTAGE STABILITY
ANALYSIS ANDMETHODS FOR VOLTAGE STABILITY
REVIEW OF RELATED WORKS
THENIGERIANATIONALGRID
CAUSESOFVOLTAGECOLLAPSEINNIGERIANPOWERSYSTEM
PROBLEMSOFTHENIGERIANPOWERSECTOR
VOLTAGE COLLAPSE ANALYSIS METHOD
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 METHOD USED
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 SIMULATIONANDRESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONSFORFUTUREWORK
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Until early 20th century, the quality of power supply wasnotconsideredasimportantfactorinpowerdelivery.Utilitycompaniesonlyfocusedonachievingapowerdeliverystatewithlittle ornointerruption.Butwithimprovement in technology, paving way for developmentofverysensitiveloads,andcoupledwithcustomerawareness,increasedinelectricitydemandinhomes,offices and industries, and inter-connection of electricalutilityintocomplexgridetc,powersystemengineerswere implored to consider power quality. Power qualityas a term, defines a set of electrical boundaries withinwhichapieceofequipmentcanfunctionasintendedwithout significant loss of performance or life expectancy(Sankaran t al., 2012).Itentailsdeliveringelectricpowerwithminimaldistortions, and therefore, maintaining a near sinusoidalsignal waveform at a frequency of 50Hz and at requiredloadvoltage.
PowerQualityproblemsaremanifestedinvoltage,current or frequency (Zahir et al, 2011). Examples include: voltage swellandsag,voltagefluctuation,harmonicdistortionsetc.Asidefactorslikepowersystemfaults,startupandshutdown of heavy equipment, switching operations etc,non-linear loads are identified as major cause of powerquality problems. Power quality problems are globalissuesandexistindistributionsystemsofseveral countries of the world, including Nigeria (Zahir et al, 2011). The effects of power qualityproblems are enormous, ranging from equipment failureto equipment damage which can result in huge financiallosses in process and automation industries. In Rumuoladistributionsystemnetwork,under-voltageandover-voltage are identified as major power quality problems(Irfan et al., 2013).
Theneedtomitigatepowerqualityproblemsandmaintainpowerofgoodqualityhasbroughtpowersystemengineers,equipment manufacturers,researchersandstatutorybodiestoafocalpointofmethodology development. Today, several methods existtoimprovethequalityofpowertosustaintheeverincreasing applications of sensitive and non-linear loadsindistributionnetwork.Conventionally,Synchronouscondenser,capacitorbanks,staticVARcompensators(SVCs), self-commutated VAR compensators etc. are usedtocontrolreactivepowerandimprovepowerfactor,thoughwithdrawbackssuchasinstabilityproblems,generationofhigh transientduringconnectionanddisconnectionetc.[9].Morerecently,Custompowerdevicessuchasdistributionstaticcompensator (DSTATCOM), unified power quality conditioner (UPQC),dynamicvoltagerestorer(DVR)etcwerefoundtobeimprovedmethodsforpowerqualitycontrol.Ogunyemi andfakolujo consideredtherelevanceofcustom devices in tackling power efficiency problems inNigeriadistributionnetworkstatingthatsuchdeviceshavebeenwidelyusedindistributionnetworkofdevelopedcountries.However ,theperformanceofcustompowerdevicesisdependentonthetypeofcontrolleremployed.Proportionalintegral(PI),proportional integral differentiators etc are effective butslow in response and perform poorly under parametervariations. Artificial intelligent (AI) controllers such asArtificial Neural Network (ANN), fuzzy logic etc areproposedbyresearchersastheyofferbetterperformanceintermsofresponsetimeandoperationunderdynamicloads (Ogunyemi et al., 2012).
Severalauthorshaveresearchedonmitigatingpowerquality problems in distribution system network usingDVR. Harmonics and under-voltage compensation usingDVR was studied by Sundarabalan et al (2014)usingANNcontrollerbasedonpark’stransformationstrategy.The ANN controller was trained off-line withdata from a proportional integral controller. In anotherstudy, Shairul, et alsimulated the performance of DVRusing PSCAD(Shairul et al., 2014). Raunak, et al (2014) in their study ofDVR performance on sag and swell mitigation applied PIcontroller and unit vector extraction control scheme. Inthese studies, a simple distribution network composed oftwofeedersfedfromasubstationwasemployed,andvoltage sag was simulated by different conditions. TheresultsobtainedshowedtheeffectivenessofDVRinunder-voltageandover-voltagemitigation.Thispaperseekstoimprovepowerqualitybymitigatingunder-voltageandover-voltageusingANNbasedcontroller model of dynamic voltage restorer (DVR).
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Current civilization is susceptible to case of power system blackout, the consequences of systems failure are social and economic as well. Even short disturbance can be harmful for industrial companies, because restarting of process might take several hours. In recent years, voltage instability has been responsible for several major network collapses. There are many method that has been used in the past for the improvement.
Conventional voltage stability improvement methods such as capacitor banks, reactorsand transformers can be used to provide steady state voltage control. However, thesedevices are based on electro-mechanical control among other drawbacks explained laterthusimpedinghigh speed voltagecontrol.
Usingartificialneuralnetworkprovideabetteradaptationtovaryingoperationalconditionsandimprovement on the usage of existing installations in power systems by using powerelectronic controllers. Their main advantages over the conventional methods are that thedevicesarebothdynamic-fastcontrollability using powerelectronics-andstatic-nomoving parts to perform the dynamic controllability.
This research sought to come up with a new way of voltage stability improvement usingartificialneuralnetworkby solving the challenge of reactive power absorption and generationforreal-timecontrol.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Voltage stability analysis is important in power system in order to maintain the power system equilibrium. The main aim of this work is to carry out a study on the advance voltage stability analysis for 132kv transmission network of the Nigerian eastern zone using voltage stability index. The objectives of this research are:
- To analyze the advance voltage stability improvementofapowersystemusingvoltage stability index method.
- Toperformasecurityconstrainedloadflowsolutiononthesystem
- Toperformacost-benefitanalysisofthedevelopedvoltagecontrolsystem.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
Power systems are complex systems consisting of large number of generating units and interconnected network of transmission lines. The voltage stability is an issue of prime importance in this complex power system network since the demand for electric power is increasing drastically. The control of reactive power in the transmission lines will enhance the voltage stability of the power system network.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research work will throw more light on how voltage stability index can be used to improve power stability in a 132kv power system.
This research sought to teach the reader on how to come up with a new way of voltage stability improvement thereby solving the challenge of reactive power absorption and generation.
1.6 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION
Powersystemsareincreasinglybecomingmoreoverloadedandconstantlybeingoperated close to their voltage stability limits. Voltage stability is the ability of a powersystem to maintain acceptable voltage levels under normal operating conditions and afterbeing subjected to disturbances such as a sudden increase in load or loss of a majorgeneration plant. Major national power outages have been documented in the recent pastincountriesin Africa such as in Nigeria.
The rise in the use of voltage stability index methods for voltage stability improvement has been agrowing trend due to the huge capital outlay required to construct new transmission anddistribution lines, pressure on land as well as environmental concerns worldwide.
A voltage stability index method will go a long way involtage stability improvement. This research uses voltage stability index which mimicbiological nervous systems as a way of trying to replace human operators who are attimes slow to relay and act on information on system voltage profiles thus leadingcascadedsystem voltagecollapse.
1.7 THESISORGANIZATION
Chapter1
Thischapterpresentsanintroductionoftheresearchwork,outlinestheproblemstatement,givesajustificationfortheresearchworkand finallythe goalsofthework.
Chapter2
This chapter presents a literature review on voltage stability analysis.
Chapter3
Thischaptergivesthemethodologyfollowedin carryingoutthisresearch work.
Chapter4
This chapter presents the results obtained and an analysis and discussion of the sameagainsttheobjectives oftheresearch.
Chapter5
This chapter presents a conclusion of the work and gives recommendations and/or gapsforfutureresearch.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
Voltage stability is plays an important role in the security of the power system. In this paper, different analysis andmethods for improving voltage stability is studied. Different bus systems are taken into consideration for the analysis ofvoltage stability. Analysis of the system helps to prevent the voltage collapse and blackouts in the system. The voltageinstability buses in the system are easily recognized by various methods. Voltage stability analysis helps us to take thepreventivemeasuresbefore systemshutsdown.
52 RECOMMENDATIONSFORFUTUREWORK
- Incorporating modeling and analysis of compensating devices such asgeneratorsandcompensatingdevicesusingthedevelopednovellinestability index to improve voltage stability of power system networks canbeagood extensionofthework reported inthisthesis.
- Foreaseofgatheringdataforfutureworkofthisnature,itisrecommended thatoperators of the transmission networks in Nigeria,TCN, should install phasor measurement units (PMUs) on the nationalgridinordertofacilitaterealtimeanalysisandaccuratedatagathering.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of ''advance voltage stability analysis for 132kv transmission network of the nigerian eastern zone using voltage stability index'' is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of ''advance voltage stability analysis for 132kv transmission network of the nigerian eastern zone using voltage stability index'' consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on ''advance voltage stability analysis for 132kv transmission network of the nigerian eastern zone using voltage stability index'' was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of ''advance voltage stability analysis for 132kv transmission network of the nigerian eastern zone using voltage stability index'' is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of ''advance voltage stability analysis for 132kv transmission network of the nigerian eastern zone using voltage stability index'' detector consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of ''advance voltage stability analysis for 132kv transmission network of the nigerian eastern zone using voltage stability index'' is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of ''advance voltage stability analysis for 132kv transmission network of the nigerian eastern zone using voltage stability index'' detector consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of ''advance voltage stability analysis for 132kv transmission network of the nigerian eastern zone using voltage stability index'' is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of ''advance voltage stability analysis for 132kv transmission network of the nigerian eastern zone using voltage stability index'' detector consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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