CHANGING NATURE OF FATTENING ROOM OF THE CALABAR PEOPLE: A STUDY OF THE DECLINING NATURE OF INDIGENOUS TRADITION, 2000-2010
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This study is on the changing nature of fattening room of the Calabar people: a study of the declining nature of indigenous tradition, 2000-2010. The fattening room is a place where young women experiencing puberty are taken to in order to be prepared for womanhood. In ancient times, fat was viewed as a sign of prosperity, fertility and beauty. Acceptance into the fattening room was viewed as a privilege as it was a demonstration of virtue, sexual purity and proven virginity. The ability of the young girl to gain weight in the fattening room was a sign that she possessed all the above-mentioned qualities. The main of the study is to determines the changing nature of fattening room of the calabar people and to determine factors that determines the declining nature of the tradition among calabar people. The analysis of the work was carried using descriptive statistics using frequencies, percentages and Mean Scores (MS) were used. At the end of the study factors that declines the practice of the tradition was known.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
- General introduction
- Background of the study
- Problem statement
- Aim and objective of the study
- Research Methodology
- Scope of the study
- Limitation of the study
- Significance of the study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- Introduction
- Geographical and Historical background
- Political Organisation
2.2.2 Socio - Economic activities
2.3 Overview of Fattening Room
2.3.1 Mbopo Institution
2.3.2. The Need for Fattening
2.3.3. Varieties of Food Items
2.4 The Changing Nature Of Fattening Room
2.4.1 Factors Responsible for the Changes
2.4.2 Declining Nature of Tradition
2.4.3 Modernization
2.5 Measures to resuscitate the practice
2.6 Review of Related Literature
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
- Introduction
- Research Design
- Data type and sources
- Data collection instrument
- Population of the study and sample used
- Sample Techniques
- Method of data collection
- method of data analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Demography of research participants
4.2 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
- Conclusion and Recommendation
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
The fattening room is an ancient practice in Calabar which gradually going extinct. The fattening room is a place young women are prepared for womanhood. In ancient times, fat was viewed as a sign of prosperity, fertility and beauty. Young girls are usually taken to the fattening room during puberty. Acceptance into the fattening room was viewed as a privilege as it was a demonstration of virtue, sexual purity and Proved virginity. The ability of the young girl to gain weight in the fattening room was a sign that she possessed all the above mentioned qualities. A young girl due to enter the fattening room is usually mandated by her father to do so as the girls chastity is viewed as her father’s responsibility. The father of the girl also invest by paying what is called ”Eme” (coral beads) to appease ”Nku” (the river goddess of the house) before she is accepted into the fattening room. The concept is to show that the parents of the girl are wealthy enough to give their daughter a good life.
Once in the Fattening room the girls are kept away from their family members and friends, the only visitors allowed are the elderly women in the community who come to pass on lessons on marital etiquette and acceptable social customs and behavior. The girls are also handfed Heavy meals rich in carbohydrate and fat, Sometimes the girls do not find this process pleasant as they have to consume the food regardless of their appetite. They are also given all-round beauty treatment from head to feet, using what is called ndom (native chalk) and other massage oils made from natural plants. The training and beauty therapy is carried out over a period of one month or more while the girls are each housed in seclusion away from the public as they undergo preparation for marriage and womanhood. Before the end of their stay in the fattening room the girls are circumcised by their mothers this is to ensure she has limited sexual activity and remains chaste till marriage, it also helps her remain faithful in her marriage.
At the end of the Nkugho the girl is ceremoniously revealed to the community to show how big and beautiful she is now, well-wishers and potential suitors are also invited to watch her dance. This study determines the changing nature of fattening room of the calabar people and to determine factors that determines the declining nature of the tradition among calabar people.
1.1. Background to the Study
Calabar is the Capital city of Cross-River State of Nigeria it is a cosmopolitan town with a population of about half a million people. The population of Cross-River State stands at around 2.5 million [1]. Inhabitants of the region are mostly farmers, fishermen and civil servants. The Efik in South Calabar are a proud people with a rich cultural heritage [2]. In Efik communities, the preservation of centuries -old values and customs is Central to the tradition of 'Fattening Rooms'. Involving young women in a period of almost total physical inactivity, during which they consume large amounts of food.
In today's society, many intending brides often go the extra miles to look their best for their big day. This includes going on diet plans, hitting the gym and even going under the knife, all in a bid to look fit and have the right curves on that day.well, the reverse was the case back in the days of the glorified "fattening rooms" in Calabar 4.The Efik people of Calabar in the cross river area of Nigeria are just part of over fifteen thousand diverse ethnic tribes you can find in the Country. A highly educated people that consist of politicians, academics, top businessmen, educationist and industrialist makes them a highly respected people, but they have a curious marriage rite that revolves around getting fat [4].
Even before the tradition marriage takes place an Efik woman determined to follow the tradition has to go into the fattening room. In certain cultures in Nigeria, one of the things that makes a woman beautiful enough to be taken as a bride is her physique [4]. A lot of emphasis is placed on the size of a woman as that determines if she is benefitting or not hence the belief; the bigger a woman is, the more healthier she is . This appeared to be the case with the Efik people of Calabar in Cross River State and their practice of 'bride fattening' in the fattening rooms, known as "nkugho" . Although, now a dying practice, it continues to be a thing of pride to some people. The fattening room is a place young women are prepared for womanhood [3][4]. A bride being accepted into the fattening rooms is still considered a thing of honor because acceptance into the fattening room was viewed as a privilege as it was a demonstration of virtue, sexual purity and proven chastity.
1.2. Statement of the Research Problem
The fattening room tradition ‘Nkugho’ or ‘Mbopo’ has been integral predominantly in the Efik Culture of Cross River State as well as Akwa Ibom State. This culture though gradually extinct is one in which the character and behavioural attributes of women from our region can be easily traced. Women from Cross River and Akwa Ibom States are known to be very homely, industrious and assiduous towards their men. These are habits that consciously or not have passed on from generations of women and mothers to their daughters. In the fattening room, these maidens were taught to be homemakers, to please, seduce, care for their men and general precaution on sex, pregnancy, child care and self-care according to (Pamela, 2016)[5].
The fattening rooms remain an age-old traditional rite of passage from Adolescence to Womanhood. It was considered a privilege for a young woman to go through the process as it was an indication of virtue and sexual purity. A well rounded and fattened maiden was seen as proof of prosperity, beauty and fertility. However, due exposure to the western world and culture has cause fattening room practice to declined. This study was carried out to study factors that influenced the tradition (in the 21century,2000-2010) [6].
1.3. Aims and Objectives of the study
The aims of this research work is to emphasize on the endangerment of traditional cultural practices, which have stood as a pillar to the preservation of history in Nigerian communities and to encourage the reintroduction of the "fattening room" in order to reduce the rate at which marriages and families are ruined due to the shortcomings of the woman. The objectives of the study are:
- To determine the historical background of fattening room
- To study the practice of fattening room
iii To determine factors that decline the practice of fattening room among calabar people.
1.4. Research Methodology
This project will be carried out by interviewing individuals who have witnessed this process and can give vivid or detailed information as regards to this topic. Also I, shall gather information/data from articles released on the internet.
1.5. Scope of the study
The scope covers reintroducing the relevance of the "fattening rooms" and reasons why the process should be restored. In analyzing and evaluating the result of the study, descriptive statistics using frequencies, percentages and Mean Scores (MS) were used.
1.6 Limitation of Study
As we all know that no human effort to achieve a set of goals goes without difficulties, certain constraints were encountered in the course of carrying out this project and they are as follows:-
- Difficulty in information collection: I found it too difficult in laying hands of useful information regarding this work and this course me to visit different libraries, internet for solution.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview). Also, the lack of resources to go on a full course trip to visit the rural areas where it is mainly practiced.
- Time Constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
1.7 Significance of the study
This study will serve as means of studying in details the practice of fattening room among calabar people. The study will help the researcher as well as the reader of the thesis to understand the state and factors that decline the nature of the fattening room tradition.
Conclusion
This chapter has discussed the background of the fattening room which is known as one of the ancient tradition of Calabar people. In this chapter the problem that prompted the study was discussed and the aim and objectives of carrying has been known as well as the importance of carrying out the study.
ENDNOTES
- Andreski, I. Old Wives Tale: Life Stories from Ibibioland, (New York: Schocken Books, Press, 2010)
- Essien, Rev. Dr. P. Proverbs as Cultural Tools of Education in Nigeria (Annang as a Base), Calabar, ,( Nigeria: Cross River State Newspaper Corporation, 2010)
- Talbot, D. A. Women's Mysteries of a Primitive People: The Ibibios of Southern (Nigeria, London: Cassell & Company, Ltd, 2015)
- Life in Southern Nigeria: The Magic, Beliefs and Customs of the Ibibio Tribe, (London: MacMillan and Co, 2013)
- Western journal of nursing research by Pamela.J Blink, December 1, 2019.
- Cotton, J. C. 2015. The Calabar Marriage Law and Custom. Journal of the African Society, 4: 427–430
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