CONSEQUENCES OF DRUG ABUSE AMONG UNDERGRADUATES IN ILORIN, KWARA STATE, NIGERIA.
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Youths have higher rates of using drugs in ways that increase their risk--getting drugs abused. Frequency of self-reported consequences from drug use follow the same order, with 15% of reservation seniors involved in an drug-related accident. The most frequent consequences involve relationship problems. This study is aimed at examines the consequences of increasing drug abuse among undergraduates in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- RESEARCH QUESTIONS
- SCOPE OF THE STUDY
- RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
- DEFINITION OF TERMS.
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
- OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
- TYPES OF DRUG ABUSE
- THEORIES OF DRUG ABUSE
- CAUSES OF DRUG ABUSE
- SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DRUG ABUSE
- THE CONSEQUENCES OF DRUG ABUSE
- INCIDENCE OF DRUG ABUSE AMONG NIGERIAN UNDERGRADUATES
- STRATEGIES FOR COUNSELLING
- COMMON SYMPTOMS THAT PARENTS/FAMILY MEMBERS SHOULD LOOK OUT FOR
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
- INTRODUCTION
- RESEARCH DESIGN
- POPULATION OF THE STUDY
- INSTRUMENT
- SAMPLE AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE
- INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION
- VALIDITY OF THE RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
- RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT
- DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE
- PROCEDURE FOR DATA ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1. PRESENTATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS
4.2 RESULT ANALYSIS
CHPATER FIVE
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND REFERENCES
- DISCUSSION
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
QUESTIONNAIRE
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Whether we talk of increased of substance abuse among undergraduates poses a serious challenge to our higher institutions.
Many studies and surveys have found that a large percentage of people who abuse drugs are youths still in higher institutions. Studies conducted by renowned organizations have also shed light on the fact that undergraduate students have at least experimented with drugs at one time or another, even if they don’t abuse them (Abdullahi, 2019).
Many people become addicted to harmful substances at a young age which can continue into adulthood. A large percentage of people in recovery at drug rehabilatation centers consists of undergraduate.
Abusing harmful substances such as heroin, cocaine and alcohol negatively affects both the physical and mental health of a teenager, and drug abuse may lead to various other complications. Drug abuse can negatively affect the memory of undergraduates. This may lead to poor academic performance and difficulty memorizing things. The problem may deteriorate as a person grows older. During the teenage years, the brain sheds gray matter to work more efficiently.
It’s been found that undergraduates who abuse drugs are likely to suffer from various social problems. They have difficulty relating to their peers, and are more likely to show anti-social behavior. The “rebellious” behavior of teens is sometimes associated with drug abuse. Teenagers who abuse drugs are also more likely to steal and get into physical fights (Abdullahi, 2019).
For some, one time or infrequent use of drugs can result in tragedy: drug abuse, an accident or fall when under the influence of drugs, or an arrest associated with drugs that may cost you your reputation and/or your freedom. For others, even though they may not use drugs, they could become a victim of a drug-related crime. And, for yet others, what may have started as occasional use can turn into an addiction that presents extraordinary health concerns with potentially grave and tragic consequences.
The menace of drug abuse has eaten deep into the fabrics of our society; however, with effective counselling programmes, the problems can be tackled through campaign against drug abuse by government and other relevant authorities. Drug control counselling centres should be established in every community and qualified health counsellors should be employed in helping drug addicts by giving them special advice on how to go about the withdrawal system. Drug awareness units to be set up in all states by the federal, state and local government not to try people who use drugs as criminals, but to help solve their socio- psychological problem (Acolagbe, 2015). This paper discusses the concept of drug abuse and its consequences on undergraduate in Undergraduates in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
For many young people, using drugs, or other substances like cigarettes is just part of growing up. Many of them try these substances only a few times and stop, while others may continue to use them on a more regular basis.
Young people may try a number of substances, including household chemicals (inhalants), prescription and over-the-counter medicines, illegal drugs, and cigarettes. They use alcohol more than any other substance. Marijuana is the drug that young people use most often (Adewuya, 2015).
Young people use these substances for many of the same reasons that adults do—to relax or feel good. But they may also have other reasons for using substances. For example, they may want to know what it feels like to get high. Or they may want to rebel against their parents or fit in with their friends.
Using drugs can affect young people's general health, physical growth, and emotional and social development. It can also change how well they make decisions, how well they think, and how quickly they can react. And using drugs can make it hard for young people to control their actions. For some young people, drug use may turn into a substance use problem.
Parents can play a key part in teaching their children about drug use by talking honestly and openly about the effects that drugs can have on their children's health, schoolwork, and relationships (Adewuya, 2015).
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Drug abuse has poised itself against this very important criterion for good development. This research work aims at studying this problem and possibly proffering feasible and qualitative solution in the end.
This also leads to drop-out from school, thuggery rebellion crime and confrontation with the authority.
The indiscriminate abuse of drugs are so much that student does take liberty for licence that these drugs are good without thinking of the probable disastrous repercussion.
Many student like to copy some students in the school, to join many cope like secret cult, or to drinking many thing like alcohol, smoking marijuana.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
i. How influential are undergraduates in Ilorin, Kwara State over drug abuse among?
ii. What are the consequences of drug abuse on undergraduates in Ilorin?
- AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This study is aimed at highlighting the consequences of drug abuse among undergraduates in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
The objectives of the study are:
- To understand the meaning of drug abuse
- To understand different kinds of drug abuse.
- To understand different level drug can be abused.
- To highlight severe consequences of drug abuse among undergraduates
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This work has exposed the consequences of drug abuse. Here, the problems of drug abuse which negatively influences the undergraduates development will be duly enumerated and discusses and hopefully feasible solutions will be proffered.
Secondly, this research will also be of importance to publishers who specialize on youths’ books. The findings here could go a long way in their instructional materials and their subtle advices to undergraduates.
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Hypothesis 1: There is no significant relationship between the reasons given for abusing drugs and undergraduates
Hypothesis 2: There is no significant relationship between the consequences of drug abuse and undergraduates.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
As was mentioned in the background to the study of the present research, this research work would focus on the prevalence of drug abuse and it’s consequences on undergraduates level only. This means that attention would be given first to the problems of drug abuse peculiar to youths first before treating those that they share with other age range.
Secondly, the scope of this research will be around how drug abuse is problematic to the undergraduates’ development. The health and sociological implications would be given secondary attention.
1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Every research work require a thorough examination of the large pool of youths and reading materials as it is a research that requires lots of one on one counseling of youths from various topography which will enquire particularly, of the reasons why they engage in alcohol and drug abuse. This means that lots of questionnaires would be distributed to undergraduates of the local institution with questions designed to explicate the problems involved in drug abuse among them and why they engage in it. The above are the limitations of this research work namely the time constraints and financial inadequacies to cover wider grounds.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Risky drinking is defined by drinking above the recommended limits:
- greater than 14 standard drinks units per week or greater than 4 standard drinks on a single occasion in men
- greater than 7 standard drinks units per week or greater than 3 standard drinks on a single occasion in women
- any drinking in pregnant women or persons < 21 years old
Binge drinking is a pattern of alcohol consumption that brings blood alcohol concentration ≥ 0.08%, usually corresponds to
- ≥ 5 standard drinks on a single occasion in men
- ≥ 4 standard drinks on a single occasion in women
Alcohol misuse is a term used by United States Preventive Services Task Force to describe a spectrum of drinking behaviors that encompass risky drinking, alcohol abuse, and alcohol dependence (similar meaning to alcohol use disorder but not a term used in DSM).
Drug Abuse: This refers to any use of pharmaceutical products for none medical purposes. This is also referee to as substance abuse. The drugs in question are usually illegal in majority of the countries.
Mental disorder: A mental condition marked primarily by disorganization of personality, mind, and emotions that seriously impairs the psychological or behavioral functioning of the individual. This is sometimes referred to as a mental health condition. Addiction is a mental disorder.
Intranasal: Taken through the nose.
Illicit: Illegal or forbidden by law.
Impulsivity: A tendency to act without foresight or regard for consequences and to prioritize immediate rewards over long-term goals.
Injection drug use (IDU): The act of administering drugs by injection. Blood-borne viruses, like HIV and hepatitis, can be transmitted via shared needles or other drug injection equipment.
Abstinence: Not using drugs or alcohol.
Addiction: A chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive (or difficult to control) drug seeking and use despite harmful consequences, as well as long-lasting changes in the brain. In the past, people who used drugs were called “addicts.” Current appropriate terms are people who use drugs and drug users.
Addiction Illegal/Illicit Drugs: Drugs that is illegal to produce, use, and sell.
Intoxication: A state of being drugged or poisoned; results from abuse of alcohol, barbiturates, toxic drugs, etc.
Intrinsic Activity: The extent to which a drug activates a receptor.
Legal Drugs: Everyday drugs not for medical use (e.g. alcohol, caffeine, carbohydrates, nicotine, etc.)
CHAPTER FIVE
4.1 DISCUSSIONIn sum, most adolescents aged 18–25 years had tried alcohol and one-fifth of the girls and one-fourth of the boys had tried some illicit drug. Also, 20% of the adolescents reported some drug-related problems, as indicated by 2 or more points on the questionnaire. There was a clear positive age trend for having tried illicit drugs for boys and girls, and debut of alcohol and illicit drug use was associated with mental health problems for both genders. Having tried illicit drugs and being positive were associated with all mental health problems. No J-shaped or U-shaped association was found for alcohol consumption or frequency of intoxication in relation to any of the mental health problems included in this study. There was no clear evidence of any substantial age, gender or SES confounding or modifying effect of age and gender on the estimated association with drug-related measures and mental health problems. Moreover, a closing gender gap on drug use was supported.
5.2 CONCLUSIONDrug abuse is a problem that is causing serious concern to both individuals and government all over the world. The problem is prevalent among adolescents who in most cases are ignorant about the dangers inherent in drug abuse. Many of them engaged in drug abuse out of frustration, poverty, lack of parental supervision, peer influence and pleasure. However, with effective counselling programme, the problems can be tackled.
The undergraduates who engage in drug abuse swerve to calamitous lane as the purpose for attending school may never be accomplished. It is an aberration for the beneficiaries of education to be on the frolic of their own, with an unmet target. It is pertinent now to be more concerned than before on this issue of drug abuse after taking cognizance of what the victims are passing through in life so as to avert its pernicious captivity, especially among the students. The awareness of the complex nature of the effects of drug abuse should invoke unrelenting effort of everyone and the government to curbing this scourge.
The current study holds several strengths. First, it is a large well-defined population-based sample of adolescents. The sample size enabled the investigation of the main effects and the potential interaction effects of age and gender. Second, the data collection is recent and allows for an updated and contemporary insight into the current status of drug use, the presence of potential drug use problems and associations with mental health problems. Third, the study included different measures of drug use, as well as the validated questionnaire for drug-related problems.
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
Appropriate sanctions or penalty must be meted out to any youth caught in drug abuse so as to serve as deterrent to other youths.
- There should be heartfelt publicity through lectures, campaigns, rallies, symposiums, seminars etc to educate and enlighten the youths the effects of drug abuse.
- Serious war should be declared against those making the drugs available and drastic measures should be taken against the sellers of prohibited drugs so as to clamp down their activities across the country.
- There should be a routine appraisal on the academic performance of each youth apart from examinations.
- There should be quick and appropriate response to the victims of drug abuse in school so as to reduce the harmful effect in their body and reform them.
- The environment should be properly monitored to forestall unwarranted hideout for the youths.
- The government agencies, especially National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) and National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) and other concerned organizations should intervene and engage in sensitization programmes and establish links with environment.
As long as youths indulge in drug abuse, they are bound to under-perform and fail the subjects, and knowledge already gained may be wasted in the course of time.
Drug abuse breeds misbehavior and criminality in the school environment such as disrespect to elders, rape, extortion and stealing, cultism, brutality and other social vices. All these are aimed at disrupting environmental activities.
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