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TITLE PAGE
CONSTRUCTION AND FABRICATION OF A MOBILE DEEP FREEZER
BY
---
EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, construction and fabrication of a mobile deep freezer by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
--- . ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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This work on the construction and fabrication of a mobile deep freezer revolves around the concept of refrigeration. The concept of refrigeration revolves around the reverse Carnot cycle. This is a cycle involving isentropic expansion (at the throttling valve), isothermal expansion (at the evaporator), isentropic compression (at the compressor) and isothermal compressor ( at the condenser) Compression raises the temperatures of the refrigerant above that of its natural surrounding so that it can give up its heat in a heat exchanger to a heat sink such as air or water (condenser). Expansion lowers the refrigerant temperature below the temperature that is to be produced inside the cooling compartment.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover page
Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknoweldgement
Abstract
Chapter one
1.0 introduction
1.1 background of the project
- Objective of the project
- Purpose of the project
- Project motivation
- Benefit of the project
- Importance of the project
- Application of the project
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Review of related studies
CHAPTER THREE
DESIGN ANALYSIS AND CALCULATIONS
- Determination and choice of condenser and Evaporator temperature.
- Cooling Load Calculation
- Flow Rate
- Mass flow rate
- Ton of Refrigeration
- Volume flow rate
- Determination of Compressor size
- Determination of pipe size and length
- Comparing the velocities for different pipe size.
- Summary table.
CHAPTER FOUR: CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
- Material Selection
- Sequence of operation
- Assembly
- Maintenance and use Instructions
- Condenser Maintenance
- Defrosting
- Other Instructions
- Common Complaints, Causes and Remedy
- Refrigerants
4.6 Requirements for refrigerants
- Identifying Refrigerants by number
- Halide refrigerants
- Grouping and Classification of refrigerants
- Group one Refrigerants
- R-12 Dichlorodi Fluoromethane (ccl2f2)
- R-22 Monochlorodi fluoromethane (CHCLF2)
- R-11 Trichloromono fluoromethane (CCL3F)
- Azeotropic Mixtures
- R-500 Refrigerant
- R-502 Refrigerant (R-22 + R-115) (CHCLF2/CCLF2 CF3)
- R-503 Refrigerant (R-23 +R-13) (CHF3/CCLF3).
- R-504 Refrigerant (R-32 +R115) (CH2F2 (F3 CCLF2)
- Group two refrigerants
- R- 717 Ammonia (NH3)
- Group three refrigerants
- Expendable Refrigerants
- Water as a Refrigerants
- Refrigerant Cylinders
- Color code for refrigerants cylinders
- Cost Analysis
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Recommendation
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Reference
LIST OF SYMBOLS
M = Mass
A = Area
V = Volume
L = Length
W = Width
H = Height
S = Entropy
M = Mass flow rate
G = Gravity
E = Density
D = Diameter
E = Enthalpy
Hf = Latent heat of fusion
U = Internal energy
T = Temperature difference
T = Temperature
H.P = Horse power
K = Thickness of Materials
Vo = Swept volume
Cop = Coefficient of performance
C = Specific heat
AC = Alternating current
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The main objective of this project is to construct and fabricate a deep freezer. The purpose of a deep freezer is to extract as mush heat from the cold body as possible with the expenditure of as little work as possible. In the refrigeration cycle, a substance called the refrigerant is compressed, cooled and then expanded. In expanding the refrigerant absorbs heat its surrounding (the cooling compartment) to provide refrigeration. After the refrigerant absorbs heat from the source, the cycle is repeated.
The second chapter of these write-up ushers in a precise review of the history and literature of refrigeration from ancient man to modern day or contemporary man (i.e modern refrigerating equipment).
Chapter three deals in detail on the methods of calculating refrigeration equipment. Chapter four sequentially gives the overview of the factors, qualities and properties considered in choice decision of the material components (both standard/ranging engineering materials) used for the fabrication and the steps undergone in the assembly of the components to form the refrigerating equipment.
The fifth chapter analysis the material and labour cost incurred in the course of undertaking this project. Chapter six, summarily is a low down of the maintenance and use instructions to be strictly adhered to in order to make the most effective, economic and efficient use of the refrigerating equipment as well as enable the equipment complete its service life. There is also a provision in this part for the notification of the usual defects observed or experienced during use and the corresponding panacea for them. Included is the reference for future consultancy which helps the student or reader who decides to embark on further research or a fact finding mission on innovations that may add as a filling to this work or to the topic as a whole.
This write-up within its scope is moderate sufficient to the educate the reader on the design and fabrication of a deep freezer.
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
Firstly refrigeration in the process of removing heat from a substance or space in order to make it cooler.
A mobile deep freezer is not different from all other refrigeration the only difference is that it can be moved easily by wheel or rollers to different places in a given time with less force applied to effect the movement.
In refrigeration the three mode of heat transfer is employed causing heat to flow from high temperature regions to low temperature regions. The substance used to carry heat in the refrigeration is known as the refrigerant.
Refrigerant is the cooling agent in refrigeration. It makes indirect contact with the substance to be cooled. It is circulated in the refrigeration circuit and the attendant change of state from liquid to vapour brings about the necessary cooling that is required in the system which also involves INTENT OR SENSIBLE HEAT.
Refrigeration is accompanied by various method such as the vapour compression system absorption system and steam jet refrigeration cycle.
Refrigeration contributes greatly to the raising of living standards of people its uses can not be over emphasized in this book. The most common used and one that is readily recognized is the preservation of food. Most products in our homes businesses industries laboratories hospitals farms etc are affected by refrigeration.
Its application is also extended to other areas apart from food in medicine it is used in blood banks for antibiotic for making ice for compression and low temperature surgery for presenting certain tissues that pathologist work on. It is very essential in genetic engineering to preserve sperms and eggs or longer years before they work on them to bring life.
Deep freezer is an Electro- mechanical appliance which maintains the temperature of substance space or material as requires by the user it produces artificial cooling. It operates on the principal of reversed cannot cycle that is to say that it absorbs heat from a low temperature and rejects it to a high temperature region.
The compressor provides the conversion of energy that is used in circulating the refrigerant round the circuit.
The crankshaft drives the piston through the connecting rod and it’s moved by the tongue produced by electric motor. The pumping effect of the piston produces the high pressure on the refrigerant which sets it in motion. In the causes of circulation and attendant change of state the refrigerant returns to the initial state and ready for another cycle.
In a deep freezer the condenser performs function similar to that of the radiator in an auto mobile. It cools the hot refrigerator gas by giving out hear to the dryer which traps moisture that can block the metering device. The liquid refrigerant passes through the metering device which expands the liquid into the evaporator pipe which is of large cross sectional area.
The pipe is laid on the inside of the deep freezer. A lot of insulation is done to isolate the refrigerated space from the surrounding its heating effect.
1.2 AIM OF THE PROJECT
The main aim of this project is to construct and fabricate a deep freezer.
1.3 OBJECTIVE AND PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The objectives and purpose of the project is to achieve the following viz:
a. To design and construct portable domestic cooling equipment that would improve on existing design taken into consideration.
b. To design and construct a cooling system that is efficient with little or no complexity in maintenance.
c. To design and construct cooling equipment that is economical, with a reduced height.
D. To design and construct a cooling equipment that will be mobile economical and cost that a common man can afford.
1.4 PROJECT MOTIVATION
Looking into the present situation of things the menace caused by road side craftsmen who tends to spoil other progress in pretence to repairing or constructing of deep freezer so that they will enrich their pocket and then gives out fake freezers that will last for few months we then decided to embark on this project.
1.5 IMPORTANCE OF THE PROJECT
The project is designed to accomplish a fast freezing system without destruction of bottles at very low temperature it is designed in such a way that the freshness and nutrient of food material is refined.
It is based on reduced weight cost fast freezing techniques compactness longer life span also to improve on existing designs.
1.6 BENEFIT OF CTHE PROJECT
Road side craftsmen that enrich their pockets instead of satisfying the consumers will be eliminated food stuff can be preserved for a very long time.
1.7 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
The application of the refrigeration principle is limitless. The most common used and one that is readily recognized is the preservation of food. Almost all products in the home, on form in industries of in the laboratories are in some ways affected by refrigeration. Thus refrigeration has become an essential commodity in modern living as no family will afford to miss it.
1.8 SUMMARY OF REVIEW
While it is only in recent years that refrigeration equipment has been mass-produced and widely used, its benefits will have been apparent to ancient man. The value of ice as a preservative was known and put to use thousands of years ago. In winter it was cut and moved into ice house which were built into the ground to make use of the insulating properties of social. Such a structure was described a Chinese poet, Shih ching about three thousand years ago. In the middle East and India, water was chilled by evaporating it through porous day pots which were buried overnight in favourable condition it could be made cold enough to form ice. The Indian Sub-continent also saw the first moves towards air conditioning.
In 1748, the first moves towards the use of modern system were recorded. William Cullen investigated the effects of evaporating ethyl either into a partial vacuum. It was, however, cumbersome to arrange good vacuums in those days, and it was not until 1834 that Jacob Perkins patented a closed- cycle refrigerating system using a compressor. In the same year he also pallented a high pressure hot water heating circuit. Ten years later John Corrie developed n air-cycle plant to make ice and to cool air for circulation through his hospital in Florida. Much development work was recorded on vapour compression system in the 1850’s. In the USA, Twinning’ s ice making equipment earned renown, while Jame Harrisob built units for meant freezing and brewery applications in Australia.
It is important to note that the introduction of ammonia as a refrigerant enabled efficiency and reliability to be improved. Ammonia inspired a new generation of reciprocating compressors and was used by Ferdinard Carrie in the first viable absorption refrigeration/freezer system.
Introduced in 1859, this used the ammonia water cycle still used in absorption type domestic freezer today.
In 1928, Thomas Midgely and his associates, Heinne and MC Navy made the compound dichlorodifluoromethance, CCL2F2 by removing 2 atoms of chlorine from tetrachloride methane (carbon tetrachloride) molecules and substituting them with two atoms of fluorine. In 1930, general Motors and in point formed kinematics chemicals inc. which started the mass production of this compound, hence mass production and diversification of the refrigeration/freezer systems.
One of the cycles used for mechanical refrigeration was the reversed Brayton cycle. Before Freon (the code name of dichlorodifluuoromathane) and other condensable fluids were developed for the vapour compression cycle, refrigerators/freezer operated on the Brayton cycle, using air as their working substance. Air undergoes usentropic compression followed by reversible constant pressure cooling. The higher-pressure air next expands reversibly in the engine and exhausts at low temperature. The cooled air passes through the cold storage chamber and finally returns to the suctions side of the compressor.
The litherto-discussed cycle gave way to the reverse carnot cycle. This cycle (Carnot cycle) needed little input of energy/work. It involves isentropic expansion of the refrigerant to the temperature of the cold body. This is followed by isothermal expansion at the temperature of the refrigerant fluid. Successively the fluid undergoes isentropic compression to the temperature of the hot body. Finally, before another cycle repeats itself, the refrigerant fluid undergoes isothermal compression at the temperature of the hot body. During the process, the hot body receives heat from the refrigerant fluid.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of construction and fabrication of a mobile deep freezer is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of construction and fabrication of a mobile deep freezer consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on construction and fabrication of a mobile deep freezer was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of construction and fabrication of a mobile deep freezer is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of construction and fabrication of a mobile deep freezer consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of construction and fabrication of a mobile deep freezer is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of construction and fabrication of a mobile deep freezer consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a construction and fabrication of a mobile deep freezer is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of construction and fabrication of a mobile deep freezer consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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