USER'S INSTRUCTIONS: The project work you are about to view is on construction and testing of an autonomous solar powered car. Please, sit back and study the below research material carefully. This project topic (construction and testing of an autonomous solar powered car) have complete 5(five) Chapters. The complete Project Material/writeup include: Abstract + Introduction + etc + Literature Review + methodology + etc + Conclusion + Recommendation + References/Bibliography.Our aim of providing this "construction and testing of an autonomous solar powered car" project research material is to reduce the stress of moving from one school library to another all in the name of searching for "construction and testing of an autonomous solar powered car" research materials. We are not encouraging any form of plagiarism. This service is legal because, all institutions permit their students to read previous projects, books, articles or papers while developing their own works.
TITLE PAGE
CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING OF AN AUTONOMOUS SOLAR POWERED CAR
BY
---
EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, construction and testing of an autonomous solar powered car by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
--- . ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION: This work "construction and testing of an autonomous solar powered car" research material is a complete and well researched project material strictly for academic purposes, which has been approved by different Lecturers from different higher institutions. We made Preliminary pages, Abstract and Chapter one of "construction and testing of an autonomous solar powered car: visible for everyone, then the complete material on "construction and testing of an autonomous solar powered car" is to be ordered for. Happy viewing!!!
In order to promote the development of renewable energy and take advantage of the new technologies for the benefit of sustainability, both the design and the manufacture methodologies of an experimental solar powered autonomous vehicle is presented.
An autonomous vehicle, or a driverless vehicle, is one that is able to operate itself and perform necessary functions without any human intervention, through ability to sense its surroundings. An autonomous vehicle utilizes a fully automated driving system in order to allow the vehicle to respond to external conditions that a human driver would manage. The main aim of this work is to build and test this device.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT
- LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
- APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
- DEFINITION OF TERMS
- METHODOLOGY
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- REVIEW OF THE STUDY
- REVIEW OF RELATED WORKS
- AUTONOMOUS VERSES AUTOMATED
- CLASSIFICATION OF AUTONOMOUS CAR
- TECHNOLOGY OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES
- THEORETICAL REVIEW OF SOLAR CELL
- REVIEW OF SOLAR CELL EFFICIENCY
- REVIEW OF SOLAR CELL MATERIALS
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
- SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
- BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION
- SYSTEM OPERATION DESCRIPTION
- SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
- SOFTWARE USED
- SYSTEM FLOW CHAT
- SYSTEM CODE
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 TEST AND RESULT ANALYSIS
- CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING ANALYSIS
- CASING
- ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
- PACKAGING
- TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
- RESULT
CHAPTER FIVE
- SUMMARY
- CONCLUSION
- RECOMMENDATION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Automated vehicles are increasingly present in modern society. Already, prototype cars have been automated and judged reliable enough to drive autonomously under standard driving conditions. Beyond cars, there is a diversity of vehicles suitable for automation and across vehicle type there are common guidelines identified to standardize the process of making an autonomous vehicle.
An autonomous car is a vehicle capable of sensing its environment and operating without human involvement. A human passenger is not required to take control of the vehicle at any time, nor is a human passenger required to be present in the vehicle at all. An autonomous car can go anywhere a traditional car goes and do everything that an experienced human driver does.
Autonomous cars rely on sensors, actuators, complex algorithms, machine learning systems, and powerful processors to execute software.
Autonomous cars create and maintain a map of their surroundings based on a variety of sensors situated in different parts of the vehicle. Radar sensors monitor the position of nearby vehicles. Video cameras detect traffic lights, read road signs, track other vehicles, and look for pedestrians. Lidar (light detection and ranging) sensors bounce pulses of light off the car’s surroundings to measure distances, detect road edges, and identify lane markings. Ultrasonic sensors in the wheels detect curbs and other vehicles when parking.
Sophisticated software then processes all this sensory input, plots a path, and sends instructions to the car’s actuators, which control acceleration, braking, and steering. Hard-coded rules, obstacle avoidance algorithms, predictive modeling, and object recognition help the software follow traffic rules and navigate obstacles.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Vehicle crashes cause many deaths every year, and automated vehicles could potentially decrease the number of casualties as the software used in them is likely to make fewer errors in comparison to humans. Autonomous vehicle technology may be able to provide certain advantages compared to human-driven vehicles. One such potential advantage is that they could provide increased safety on the road. A decrease in the number of accidents could also reduce traffic congestion, which is a further potential advantage posed by autonomous vehicles. Autonomous driving can also achieve this by the removal of human behaviours that cause blockages on the road, specifically stop-and-go traffic.
1.3 AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The aim of the work is to build and test of a low cost "Autonomous Solar Electric Vehicle". The objectives are to:
- allow students to learn and gain experience in the fields of control, power electronics and embedded computation
- Allow researchers to investigate, implement and validate advanced control concepts related to electric vehicles.
- Carry out a Power electronics and control research- energy efficiency
- Study vehicle motion control - stability, trajectory control
- Design and test an autonomous vehicle control - autonomous driving, obstacle avoidance
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Carrying out this study as a student of this department has increase our knowledge about different engineering disciplines including automatic control, power electronics, electric drives, mechatronics, telecommunication and embedded computation.
1.5 ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT
This device provides an increased safety on the road in that it is not prone to human error that always lead to accident such as wrong overtaking, over-speeding, intake of alcohol while driving etc.
Another possible advantage of automated driving is that people who are not able to drive – due to factors like age and disabilities – could be able to use automated cars as more convenient transport systems.
Additional advantages that come with an autonomous car are elimination of driving fatigue and being able to sleep during overnight journeys.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Few problems discovered in this technology are as follows:
- The cost of buying or building this car may be costly compare to an automated car.
- An uncontrollable auto crash can occur when the car fails.
- The device can work efficiently only if the presence of the Sun is strong.
- Weather Conditions: If there’s a layer of snow on the road, lane dividers disappear. The cameras and sensors track lane markings will stop working perfectly if the markings are obscured by water, oil, ice, or debris.
- Traffic Conditions and Laws: Will autonomous cars will have trouble in tunnels or on bridges, in bumper-to-bumper traffic.
- Accident Liability: This car does not have a dashboard or a steering wheel, so a human passenger would not even have the option to take control of the vehicle in an emergency.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
For implementation and testing purposes a reduced-scale vehicle has been built. It consists of an wooden frame holding the solar panel, rechargeable batteries, super-capacitors, two independently driven front wheels and four printed circuit boards (PCBs) housing the power electronic circuits and control software. An Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), cheap camera and sensors (for obstacle detection) provides the necessary sensory information.
1.8 APPLICATION OF THE STUDY
This study can be useful to researchers and as well as student in engineering disciplines especially in automatic control, power electronics, electric drives, mechatronics, telecommunication and embedded computation.
1.9 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of building this project is to increase safety on the high way, to experience low traveling cost in that it uses solar energy and to help people with physical limitations travel easier.
1.10 DEFINITION OF TERMS
AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE : is one that can drive itself from a starting point to a predetermined destination in “autopilot” mode using various in-vehicle technologies and sensors, including adaptive cruise control, active steering (steer by wire), anti-lock braking systems (brake by wire), GPS navigation technology, lasers, etc.
Computer Vision: This is the technology which helps vehicles to 'see', and employs a wide range of systems, including lidar, radar, and visible-light cameras.
Driver Monitoring System: Before cars become fully autonomous, they will use their enhanced intelligence to keep an eye on the human driver. This means systems which check that the driver is awake by monitoring their inputs to the steering wheel. Beyond this, cars will start to use cameras to check the driver is awake, and sober.
EV: Short for electric vehicle - meaning one which is powered entirely by electricity.
Electrified vehicle: Used to refer to vehicles which are powered by a hybrid system, made up of a gasoline engine and an electric motor. When many car companies say their fleets will be "electrified" by a certain year, they are mostly referring to every car being a hybrid.
Radar: Radar is a system that uses radio waves to detect other objects. Self-driving cars can be equipped with radar to help the vehicle read the area around it.
Regenerative braking: Also known as brake regen, this is a system used by electric cars to harvest energy which would otherwise be wasted during braking, and feeding it back into the battery. Essentially, electric cars turn their motors into generators when you lift off the accelerator. This has the effect of applying the brakes, and means many electric cars can be driven with just the accelerator pedal for most of the time. You simply press more to accelerate faster, then lift the pedal more to brake more firmly.
Self-Driving: self-driving is a vehicle that can tell what's around it and operate completely without any human involvement.
Sensors: In self-driving cars, sensors are devices that a vehicle uses to detect what's around it—from obstacles in the road such as pedestrians to other cars. Think of these as part of a self-driving car's eyes. These details can also link to GPS technology to tell a vehicle where it is on the road.
Software: The brain of your self-driving car, software is a program, a series of commands that runs a computer or a similar device. Here, the computer is an autonomous car.
1.11 METHODOLOGY
To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:
- Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
- Draw a block diagram.
- Test for continuity of components and devices,
- programming of microcontroller
- Design and calculation for the work was carried out.
- Studying of various component used in circuit.
- Construct the whole circuit.
- Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.
1.12 PROJECT ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of construction and testing of an autonomous solar powered car is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of construction and testing of an autonomous solar powered car consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on construction and testing of an autonomous solar powered car was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of construction and testing of an autonomous solar powered car is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of construction and testing of an autonomous solar powered car consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of construction and testing of an autonomous solar powered car is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of construction and testing of an autonomous solar powered car consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a construction and testing of an autonomous solar powered car is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of construction and testing of an autonomous solar powered car consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
To "DOWNLOAD" the complete material on this particular topic above click "HERE"
Do you want our Bank Accounts? please click HERE
To view other related topics click HERE
To "SUMMIT" new topic(s), develop a new topic OR you did not see your topic on our site but want to confirm the availiability of your topic click HERE
Do you want us to research your new topic? if yes, click "HERE"
Do you have any question concerning our post/services? click HERE for answers to your questions
For more information contact us through any of the following means:
Mobile No 
:+2348146561114 or +2347015391124 [Mr. Innocent]
Email address 
:engr4project@gmail.com
Watsapp No 
:+2348146561114
COUNTRIES THAT FOUND OUR SERVICES USEFUL
Australia, Botswana, Canada, Europe, Ghana, Ireland, India, Kenya, Liberia, Malaysia, Namibia, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Uganda, United States, United Kindom, Zambia, Zimbabwe, etc
Support: +234 8146561114 or +2347015391124
Watsapp No :+2348146561114
Email Address :engr4project@gmail.com
FOLLOW / VISIT US VIA:
