CONSTRUCTION OF A 22WATTS PUBLIC ADDRESS POWER AMPLIFIER
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TITLE PAGE
BY
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--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "construction of a 22watts public address power amplifier" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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This work is on 22W public address system. A public address system (PA system) is an electronic sound amplification and distribution system with a microphone, amplifier and loudspeakers, used to allow a person to address a large public, for example for announcements of movements at large and noisy air and rail terminals.
The term is also used for systems which may additionally have a mixing console, and amplifiers and loudspeakers suitable for music as well as speech, used to reinforce a sound source, such as recorded music or a person giving a speech or distributing the sound throughout a venue or building.
Public addressing system is often used in small venues such as school auditoriums, churches, and small bars. PA systems with many speakers are widely used to make announcements in public, institutional and commercial buildings and locations. Intercom systems, installed in many buildings, have microphones in many rooms allowing the occupants to respond to announcements.
This system was built using some major electronics components such as transistor, resistor, capacitors, and an aluminum heatsink was used to protect the IC from overheating.
This Public Addressing Systems have a potential for audio feedback, which occurs when sound from the speakers is picked up by the microphone and is then re-amplified and sent through the speakers again. That makes it to sounds like a loud high-pitched squeal or screech, and can occur when the volume of the system is turned up too high.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
- LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- PROJECT JUSTIFICATION
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 REVIEW OF PUBLIC ADDRESSING SYSTEM
2.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PUBLIC ADDRESSING SYSTEM
2.4 DIFFERENT TYPES PUBIC ADDRESSING SYSTEM
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.3 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
3.4 SYSTEM OPERATION
3.5 DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR COMPONENTS USED
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
4.2 CASING AND PACKAGING
4.3 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.4 TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
4.5 COST OF PRODUCTION
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATION
5.3 REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
A public address system comprises electrical equipment to greatly amplify a speaker's voice so it will reach a much larger assemblage than he could speak to unaided. Beginning with the presidential conventions of the two major parties in 1920 and the inaugural address of President Harding in March 1921, when a special address system installed by the telephone engineers enabled him to address an audience estimated at 125,-000, there followed in rapid succession, many public events demonstrating the value of such systems. One of the most notable of these occurred on Armistice Day 1921, when the speeches, prayers and music at Arlington, Virginia, were heard, not only by 100,000 persons gathered there at the National Cemetery, but by some 35,000 in New York City and 20,000 in San Francisco. On this occasion the three public address systems, one for each of these cities, were joined by long distance telephone circuits.
The fundamental requirements of a satisfactory public address system are naturalness of reproduction and wide range of output volume. The meeting of these two requirements for music proves more difficult than for speech.
The public address system here described is most readily considered in three sections—“pick-up” apparatus which is placed in the neighborhood of the speaker and converts his words into undulatory electric currents; a vacuum tube amplifier for amplifying these currents; and a “receiver-projector” for reconverting the current into sound waves and distributing the sound over all of the audience. In the present system each of these three parts of the equipment has been designed with the intention of making it as nearly distortionless as possible, so that the various parts might be adaptable for audiences ranging in size from possibly one thousand to several hundred thousand, and might also be used in connection with the long distance telephone lines and with either radio broadcasting or receiving stations. One of the larger public address systems is easily capable of magnifying a speaker's voice as many as 10,000 times.
The pick-up device whether of the carbon microphone variety or a condenser transmitter need not be placed close to the speaker's lips but will operate satisfactorily when four or five feet away. The loud-speaking receiver mechanism is so designed that it will carry a power of several watts with small distortion.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
This project is to overcome communication problems that usually occur in areas where it is hard to find a device for making important announcements or speeches so that everyone can listen precisely to what the speaker is talking about. This simple project may also be used by lecturers in lecture halls to bridge communication gap between the lecturers and student in a lecture, as shouting during lectures may be very exhausting.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The main aim of this work is to construct an electronic sound amplification and distribution device with a microphone, amplifier and loudspeakers.
The objectives are:
i. To build a 22watt public address system
ii. To provide a means of addressing the public in an audible means.
iii. To test the operating principle of a 22watts public address power amplifier.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Public addressing system is often used in small venues such as school auditoriums, churches, and small bars. PA systems with many speakers are widely used to make announcements in public, institutional and commercial buildings and locations. Public addressing system is naturalness of reproduction and wide range of output volume. The meeting of these two requirements for music proves more difficult than for speech.
1.5 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
Public addressing system is often used in small venues such as school auditoriums, churches, and small bars. PA systems with many speakers are widely used to make announcements in public, institutional and commercial buildings and locations.
1.6 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION
Over the ages, science and technology has been developing with new inventions in various fields; including the increase in modifications on existing technology all gearing towards improving effectiveness and reliability of equipment and achieving to a great degree miniaturization and optimal cost.
This project is backed by my interest in the area of electronics and communication, and having been groomed to a great extent with introductions into the various fields of electrical and electronics engineering, with the knowledge in principles of telecommunications, telecommunication engineering.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
This system is for public address; it has an estimated power rating of 16watts. For power supplies, it uses a 220/12Vac transformer for the amplifier and loudspeaker units. It has a power On/Off button with volume control.
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
INTERFERENCE: Interference can be a problem. There are lots of devices that emit radio waves. If those radio waves are on the same frequency as with the transmitter and receiver, you could get some garbled signals as you listen to the output. Dropped signals can also be an issue if a transmitter or receiver stops working or drops out, it will affect your listening experience.
BANDWIDTH: Another problem is bandwidth. Wired PA can carry a lot of information in the form of electrical signals. Wireless signals can't really compete. Audio may seem less full or rich. It's a subjective element that can be difficult to put into words. If you're an audiophile, you may find wireless PA lacking from a performance standpoint.
1.9 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to a public addressing system. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of solar power inverter were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of a public addressing system. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
Public address power amplifier is an essential tool in communication throughout a premises or campus. Clear View has nearly 20 years experience of manufacturing, installing and servicing a wide range of audio and public address equipment.
Public address systems can broadcast information from single or multiple sources to large groups of people in:
- Specific areas of a building – “zones”
- All areas of a building – “all call”
Messages are sent from an operator via a microphone console or telephone handset and are routed through amplifiers before being distributed from speakers in the designated areas. PA Systems can distribute music into work places from digital media or radio.
It has been proven to be the fastest and safest method of evacuation because it delivers an emergency attention drawing signal followed by a recorded message, whilst also delivering live emergency announcements from the fire officer.
Standard facilities available on PA systems include:
- Routine paging announcements
- Background music,
- Interfaces to other devices
- Spot announcements
If a new public address system is required, our implementation process includes:
- Examining your public address specification requirements, including minimum sound pressure levels and post installation speech intelligibility testing.
- Providing a detailed evaluation of the space that the PA system will serve
- Seeking compliance with any performance specification and / or relevant standards.
If a public address system has already been installed, we will undertake commissioning exercises to determine the electro-acoustic performance of the system. This is likely to include measurements of speech intelligibility and audibility testing.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
This project is designed to be used in homes and industries and wherever the need for Public addressing. And should be used and maintain by a qualified personnel.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "construction of a 22watts public address power amplifier" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "construction of a 22watts public address power amplifier" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "construction of a 22watts public address power amplifier" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "construction of a 22watts public address power amplifier" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "construction of a 22watts public address power amplifier" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "construction of a 22watts public address power amplifier" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "construction of a 22watts public address power amplifier" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "construction of a 22watts public address power amplifier" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "construction of a 22watts public address power amplifier" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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