CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                                         INTRODUCTION
Sonometer is an ancient musical and scientific laboratory instrument, originally involving one (mono) string (chord). The term monochord is sometimes used as the class-name for any musical stringed instrument having only one string and a stick shaped body, also known as musical bows.
In a Sonometer, one or more (allowing simultaneous comparison), strings, fixed at both ends, are stretched over a sound box while one or more movable bridges are manipulated to demonstrate mathematical relationships between sound frequencies. "With its single string, movable bridge and graduated rule, the monochord straddled the gap between notes and numbers, intervals and ratios, sense-perception and mathematical reason." However, "music, mathematics, and astronomy were [also] inexorably linked in the monochord."
The speed of sound is the distance traveled per unit time by a sound wave propagating through an elastic medium. In dry air at 20 °C (68 °F), the speed of sound is 343.2 metres per second (1,126 ft/s; 1,236 km/h; 768 mph; 667 kn), or a kilometre in 2.914 s or a mile in 4.689 s.
The speed of sound in an ideal gas depends only on temperature and composition. The speed has a weak dependence on frequency and pressure in ordinary air, which deviates slightly from ideal behavior.
In common everyday speech, speed of sound refers to the speed of sound waves in air. However, the speed of sound varies from substance to substance. Sound travels faster in liquids and non-porous solids than it does in air. It travels about 4.3 times as fast in water (1,484 m/s), and nearly 15 times as fast in iron (5,120 m/s), as in air at 20 °C. Sound waves in solids are composed of compression waves (just as in gases and liquids), but there is also a different type of sound wave called a shear wave, which occurs only in solids. These different types of waves in solids usually travel at different speeds, as exhibited in seismology. The speed of a compression sound wave in solids is determined by the medium's compressibility, shear modulus and density. The speed of shear waves is determined only by the solid material's shear modulus and density.
In fluid dynamics, the speed of sound in a fluid medium (gas or liquid) is used as a relative measure for the speed of an object moving through the medium. The speed of an object divided by the speed of sound in the fluid is called the Mach number. Objects moving at speeds greater than Mach1 are traveling at supersonic speeds.
The earlier experiments for the determination of the velocity of sound in open air consisted in observing directly the time interval between the seeing of the flash light due to the firing of a distant gun and the time taken by sound. The velocity of light is so great, that the time taken by it travel over ordinary terrestrial distance is negligibly small and the interval therefore gives practically the time taken by the sound to travel from the source to the observer. Hence if this distance can be determined at once.
The method is simple, but liable to a number of errors given below.

• Effect of wind: the velocity of sound is affected by wind. When the wind is blowing the velocity relatively to the ground is not the same as its rate of propagation through still air. The wind may be blowing in the direction of sound propagation or against it.
• Temperature and humidity of the air: the velocity of sound is also affected by temperature and humidity.
• Personal equation: it is not possible to record the time at the exact moment when the flash is seen or the sound is heard and hence some error always creeps in.

1.1                                               OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this work is to construct a sonometer is an instrument used to measure the tension, frequency or density of vibrations which is also used to determine hearing sensitivity, and also to determine sound velocity in the air.
1.2                                                PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this work is to determine the speed of sound in air, and to find the relationship between the velocity of a wave in a string, the linear density, and the tension. You will do this by performing two different experiments:
I. Speed of Sound in Air
2. Sonometer: Waves in a Stretched String.

1.3                                                   SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The source can be a vibrating solid body such as the string of a guitar or the membrane of a drum, but it can also be a whistle. The medium may be either a fluid or a solid. The average human ear can perceive sound of frequencies between 20 and 16,000Hz. This range varies with individuals, age and other subjective factors. The human ear is less sensitive to sounds of higher intensities and this is important in preventing damage. The instrument in measurement of velocity of sound in open Air, measurement of pitch, and the measurement of intensity of sound are the basic focus of this write up.

 

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