CONSTRUCTION OF A STRESSMETER AND BLOOD PRESSURE METER
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--/H2013/01430
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APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work,"construction of a stressmeter and blood pressure meter"by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
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Stress can cause hypertension through repeated blood pressure elevations as well as by stimulation of the nervous system to produce large amounts of vasoconstricting hormones that increase blood pressure. Factors affecting blood pressure through stress include white coat hypertension, job strain, race, social environment, and emotional distress.
Stress is a normal part of life, but reducing stress can help lower high blood pressure. Stress can be reduced by measuring the level of it in the body. This device lets you assess your emotional pain and blood pressure. If the stress or the body pressure is very high, it gives visual indication through an LCD along with a warning beep.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRCT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT
PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE PROJECT
2.1 DESCRIPTION OF STRESS
2.2 REVIEW OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRESS SENSOR
2.3 OVERVIEW OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
2.4 SYMPTOMS OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
2.5 CAUSES OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF STRESS METER
3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF STRESS METER
3.3 CIRCUIT OPERATION OF STRESS METER
3.4 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION OF STRESS METER
3.5 LIST OF COMPONENETS USED CHAPTER FOUR
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
4.2 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.3 CONSRUCTION OF THE CASING
4.4 TESTING
4.5 ECONOMICS OF THE PROJECT
4.6 PROJECT EVALUATION
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSIONS
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
5.3 REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In today’s fast-paced world filled with increasing demands, stress and blood pressure management is a life skill and a lifesaver. It’s also important to note that while the link between stress and high blood pressure (HBP or hypertension) is still being studied.
In addition to the emotional discomfort we feel when faced with a stressful situation, our bodies react by releasing stress hormones (adrenaline and cortisol) into the blood. These hormones prepare the body for the “fight or flight” response by making the heart beat faster and constricting blood vessels to get more blood to the core of the body instead of the extremities.
Constriction of blood vessels and increase in heart rate does raise blood pressure, but only temporarily — when the stress reaction goes away, blood pressure returns to its pre-stress level. This is called situational stress, and its effects are generally short-lived and disappear when the stressful event is over.
“Fight or flight” is a valuable response when we are faced with an imminent threat that we can handle by confronting or fleeing. However, our modern world contains many stressful events that we can’t handle with those options. Chronic (constant) stress causes our bodies to go into high gear on and off for days or weeks at a time. The links between chronic stress and blood pressure are not clear and are still being studied.
The circuit described here is useful to monitor the stress level and blood pressure before and after practicing a relaxation exercise.
The resistance of the skin varies, if the stress level is high the skin offers less resistance and if the body is relaxed the skin resistance is high. During high stress there is increase in the blood supply to the skin, this increases the permeability of the skin. High stress causes sweating and leakage of water from the blood vessels in the skin. This makes the skin moist and electrical conductivity increases.
The subject of study – stress meter and blood pressure meter, is useful to monitor the stress and blood pressure level before and after practicing a relaxation exercise.
1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The objective of this work is to design a device that monitors one’s emotional pain and blood pressure level. If the stress and blood pressure is very high, it gives visual indication through an LCD display along with a warning beep.
1.2 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
Stress meter is based on the principle that the resistance of the skin varies in accordance with your emotional states. If the stress level is high the skin offers less resistance, and if the body is relaxed the skin resistance is high. The low resistance of the skin during high stress is due to an increase in the blood supply to the skin. This increases the permeability of the skin and hence the conductivity for electric current. This property of the skin is used here to measure the stress level. The touch pads of the stress meter sense he voltage variations across the touch pads and convey the same to the circuit. The circuit is very sensitive and detects even a minute voltage variation across the touch pads.
If a person has high blood pressure it means that the walls of the arteries are receiving too much pressure repeatedly - the pressure needs to be chronically elevated for a diagnosis of hypertension to be confirmed- the meter measures the pressure at which the blood is pump. Blood pressure monitors can use Pulse Transit Time methods to measure blood pressure. They employ a pressure cuff, pump, and transducer to measure blood pressure and heart rate in three phases: Inflation, Measurement, and Deflation. They include an LCD, selection buttons, memory recall, power management, and USB interface.
1.3 APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT
Stress and blood pressure meter is used:
- For monitoring human blood pressure
- It can also be used to monitor heart beat
- For measuring resistance of skin.
- To know mental state of person.
- In diagnosis of excessive sweating
1.4 ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT
This device is chose and used for the following reasons:
- It is Portable. The gadget is small enough to be worn around the wrist.
- Low power consumption.
- Low cost.
- Highly sensitive to small currents.
- It is a multiple purpose meter, it is used for stress and high B.P monitoring
1.5 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
i. Less accuracy.
ii. Output is not measurable.
1.6 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to this work. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of this work were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of this work. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
The stress meter acquires data from the sensors and displays in digital format which is in binary form. Apart from displaying the outputs there is a buzzer which indicates the increase in stress level of a person. This is achieved by setting a threshold in the microcontroller (arduino).The threshold is set based on the human normal range of health.
This project is designed to analysis the stress level of humans and to help the stressed person with basic therapy to improve their health. The stress level is compared with the output values and tabulated. Stress cannot be differentiated with basic sensors it can only be compared and analyzed
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
This project is designed to be used in for measuring resistance of skin, to know mental state of person and in diagnosis of excessive sweating. And should be used and maintain by a qualified personnel. Because of the portability, this device is to be worn around the wrist. As soon as the battery gets low, the user should replace it immediately if not error is inevitable.
5.3 FUTURE WORK:Furthermore, this stress meter will be designed in a way that it can be used for differentiating the types of emotions. In the proposed idea, the basic stress is been analyzed and compared with the normal value. But in the upcoming design emotional levels of a person can be identified and analyzed. The stress meter will be implemented with more parameters like EEG sensors.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of"construction of a stressmeter and blood pressure meter"is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of"design and construction of an automatic changeover switch microcontroller and switches"consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on"construction of a stressmeter and blood pressure meter"was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of"construction of a stressmeter and blood pressure meter"is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of"construction of a stressmeter and blood pressure meter"consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of"construction of a stressmeter and blood pressure meter"is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of"construction of a stressmeter and blood pressure meter" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of"construction of a stressmeter and blood pressure meter"is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of"construction of a stressmeter and blood pressure meter" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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