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TITLE PAGE
CONSTRUCTION OF A WELDING MACHINE 220V/250A
BY
---
EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, construction of a welding machine 220v/250a by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
--- . ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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This project is titled the designing and construction of an electric A.C arc welding machine. Electric Arc Welding Machine of 220 Volts and output voltage of 32volts. A core type step-down transformer and choke are essential as the voltage or the arc is 32v. The choke is necessary to displace the phase relationship of the voltage and current so that the heat of the arc may be maintained by ensuring that zero points of current and voltage are as far apart as possible. This welding machine is able to deliver a current 250Amps at voltage of 220 volts, the transformer is mounted on a rectangular metal frame and its enclosed by a case which has opening at a regular internal order to provide air for the cooling of the transformer. A double insulation technique is employed for better protection from electric shock and short circuit in the machine or when working in moist environment. An all-purpose electrode holder is connected across one or the output terminal of the transformer so that various size of electrode can be held properly. After the transformer had been constructed, the primary terminals were connected to source of supply. Then the secondary terminal was connected to the welding circuit, as a source of supply, with the aid of welding cable, by which one of the terminal was \connected to the ground clamp and the other to the electrode holder. A.C. Electric Arc Welding Machine uses alternating (AC) current, and consumable or non-consumable electrodes. The welding region is usually protected by some type of shielding gas, vapor, and/or slag. The aim of this work is to design and construct an electric welding arc that can be used to weld metals.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
1.2 AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
1.5 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
1.7 TYPES OF ELECTRIC ARC WELDING
1.8 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
1.9 PROBLEMS OF THE PROJECT
1.10 PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- TRANSFORMER DESIGN
- REVIEW OF TYPES OF ARC WELDING ELECTRODE METHODS:
- REVIEW OF WELDING EQUIPMENT
- FACTORS AFFECT WELD QUALITY
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
- BLOCK DIAGRAM
- BASIC PRINCIPLE OF ARC WELDING MACHINE
- THEORY AND DESIGN OF WELDING TRANSFORMERS
- SYSTEM OPERATION
- DESIGN CALCULATION
- COST ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULT ANALYSIS
- CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE
- CASING AND PACKAGING
- ASSEMBLING SECTION
- SYSTEM TESTING
- DESIGN PRECAUTION
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- CONCLUSION
- RECOMMENDATION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
An Arc welding machine is a type of welding machine that uses a welding power supply to create an electric arc between an electrode and the base material to melt the metals at the welding point. The arc welding is a fusion welding process in which the welding heat is obtained from an electric arc struck between the work(or base metal) and an electrode. The temperature of the heat produced by the electric arc is of the order of 6000°C to 7000°C [Weman Klas, 2003].
They can use either direct (DC) or alternating (AC) current, and consumable or non-consumable electrodes. The welding region is usually protected by some type of shielding gas, vapor, or slag. Arc welding processes may be manual, semi-automatic, or fully automated. First developed in the late part of the 19th century, arc welding became commercially important in shipbuilding during the Second World War. Today it remains an important process for the fabrication of steel structures and vehicles [Weman Klas, 2003].
Arc welding machine has Main cable that receives energy from the source (220 or 440 Volts AC), the starter or switch, the transformer, the controls of tension (Voltage) and current (Amps-or-Amperage), the two secondary wires: one is to ground the machine to the building + structure + part that you are to weld, the other is to put your electrode and produce the welding
The direction of current used in arc welding also plays an important role in welding. Consumable electrode processes such as shielded metal arc welding and gas metal arc welding generally use direct current, but the electrode can be charged either positively or negatively [Faraday Michael, 1834]. In welding, the positively charged anode will have a greater heat concentration and, as a result, changing the polarity of the electrode has an impact on weld properties. If the electrode is positively charged, it will melt more quickly, increasing weld penetration and welding speed. Alternatively, a negatively charged electrode results in more shallow welds. Non-consumable electrode processes, such as gas tungsten arc welding, can use either type of direct current (DC), as well as alternating current (AC). With direct current however, because the electrode only creates the arc and does not provide filler material, a positively charged electrode causes shallow welds, while a negatively charged electrode makes deeper welds. Alternating current rapidly moves between these two, resulting in medium-penetration welds. One disadvantage of AC, the fact that the arc must be re-ignited after every zero crossing, has been addressed with the invention of special power units that produce a square wave pattern instead of the normal sine wave, eliminating low-voltage time after the zero crossings and minimizing the effects of the problem [Weman Klas, 2003].
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The aim of this work is to design and construct an electric arc machine that can be used to weld irons. To design and construct an electric machine that will create an electric arc between an electrode and the base material to melt the metals at the welding point.
The objective of this work is:
- At the end of the work an electric arc welding is been built with a power source of 220 VAC with 32 a.c output taps ranging from 140VAC to 220VAC which are used to step the arc voltage and current to the required level.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
a. AC Arc Welding Transformers are extensively used today in machine building and general purpose maintenance and fabrication work. Light medium and heavy structural work as a Power Source.
b. The safety advantages of switching to welding machine include reduced health hazards for workers. From limiting exposure to hazardous fumes to decreased risk of arc burn, arc welding machine help to save workers from a once dangerous job.
c. It has high welding efficiency and speed.
d. It provides better welding environment.
e. It gives consistent quality of weld.
f. It forms the strong bond in between the joined metals.
g. It has simple welding equipment.
h. Power source is not so expensive.
i. It is fast and reliable process.
j. Equipments can be used for multiple functions.
k. Welders can use standard domestic current.
1.5 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
1) Higher initial setup cost
2) Atmosphere surrounding the welding process has to be stable (hence the shielding gasses), therefore this process is limited to draught free conditions
3) Higher maintenance costs due to extra electronic components
4) The setting of plant variables requires a high skill level
5) Less efficient where high duty cycle requirements are necessary
6) Radiation effects are more severe
7) the rated output current is 250A
1.6 BENEFIT OF THE PROJECT
An arc welding machine uses a process which applies intense heat to metal at a joint, causing the metal to melt and intermix. Arc welding machine has several benefits, including improved weld consistency, decreased cycle times, and enhanced efficiency.
1.7 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
Arc welding utilizes an electric arc between an electrode and a metal base using either consumable or non consumable electrodes. This welding machine is commonly found in steel product and automobile manufacturing. Other applications include [Lincoln Electric, 1994]:
Construction: Arc Welding processes are a foundational aspect of all large-construction industries, ensuring strong, sustainable connections within buildings, bridges and other infrastructures.
Mechanical: For more rugged applications that involve thicker metal dimensions, arc welding provides the control and effectiveness necessary to firmly bond heavier pieces together. In the automotive industry, arc welds bond heat shields, exhaust systems and hydraulic lines to the chassis. Metal furniture pieces like office desks, file cabinets and shelving units are often welded. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning units are usually constructed using welding processes.
Equipment: Most, if not all, of today’s industries rely on properly functioning equipment, and welding processes are vital to the success of those machines.
Farm equipment: In agriculture, farm machines that plow, plant, seed and harvest are fundamental to the country’s food supply. Those machines are welded throughout their frames and processes. On the chassis, the cab frame, fenders and brackets are formed by welds. Motor structure and electrical functions are fused, as are the features of specialized tools such as threshers and spreaders. These machineries can be welded using arc welding machine [Weman Klas, 2003]
Lawn and garden: Lawn mowers, trimmers, power saws and other garden equipment have long lives due to the strength of their welded frames. Other metal garden features enhance the enjoyment of outdoor life, such as barbecue grills, enclosures, seating and watering systems [Kalpakjian, Serope; Schmid, Steven R. 2001].
Highway equipment: Maintenance of safe and passable roads also depends on secure welds. Manhole cover plates and the sewer and utility systems that frequently run under roads are also usually constructed with welding processes.
Institutional equipment: Hospitals, medical facilities, schools and homes all rely on well-functioning appliances to keep food warm or cold, run accurate testing operations and clean clothing or dishes. Virtually every appliance in use today was constructed at least in part with a arc welding process.
1.8 TYPES OF ELECTRIC ARC WELDING
Arc welding can be direct current (D.C) or alternating current (A.C) arc welding, but the types of arc welding depending upon the type of electrode [Weman Klas, 2003]:
(A): Unshielded arc welding:
When a large electrode or filler rod is used for welding, it is said to be un- shielded arc welding.
(B): Shielded arc welding:
When the welding rods coated with fluxing material are used, then it is called shielded arc welding [Kalpakjian, Serope; Schmid, Steven R. 2001].
1.9 PROBLEM OF THE PROJECT
High skilled operator is required to do arc welding and also heavy to carry because of the iron cores and copper wires.
1.10 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
The project is a form of providing student with appreciable skills p4actically designed to expose or equip them with real working operation of machine and how they are being constructed and a better understanding of one’s own career goals and for the progress of the nation.
The project seemed easy and simple but later on turn to be useful and interesting project for Engineering students.
With all the problems faced and solved in this project has improved my skill and experience in any of such project. In spite of this, whosoever through this project report and practical (welding machine) will observe and know that a lot of practical works has undergone during the construction. Therefore, to be an engineering student and professional engineer, some aspect of practical work is necessary.
Also, this project will contribute to solving some of the problem and challenges confronting most engineering companies industry land workshops in the country concerning welding.
I thank the school authority who made this project construction as an integral part of education more importantly as one of the ways to the technological development of the country.
Finally, this project is the star-point for me in the field of mechanical engineering and a great expectation for tomorrow.
5.2 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND RECOMMENDATION
Considering many challenges that comes across student in the course of their project of which am a victim, made me to give the following recommendation:
Financial problem is the number one major problem that affect us during the construction. Therefore to encourage student to carry out many projects, the school authority should endeavour to assist in some aspect of student project such as financial issue, adequate and sufficient materials should be provided.
Also, I recommend that the school authority should buy more books, journals and catalogues treating relevant topics given to students as project works and will also provide necessary facts or information when needed.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of construction of a welding machine 220v/250a is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of construction of a welding machine 220v/250a consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on construction of a welding machine 220v/250a was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of construction of a welding machine 220v/250a is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of construction of a welding machine 220v/250a consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of construction of a welding machine 220v/250a is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of construction of a welding machine 220v/250a consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a construction of a welding machine 220v/250a is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of construction of a welding machine 220v/250a consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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