Building wiring is the electrical wiring and associated devices such as switches, meters and light fittings used in buildings or other structures. Electrical wiring uses insulated conductors. This project present a practical demonstration of how to carryout the wiring of a two bedroom bungalow, using PVC conduit system. In recent times surface wiring is gradually giving way to conduit wiring where much of the cable are concealed.
PVC pipes are used because of it cost friendliness, compared to metal conduit. In carryout this construction a careful attention is given to the IEF regulations. Calculations are made for current consumption, space factor, diversity factors and other necessary consideration that guarantees safely of material and personnel.
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE
LITTER OF TRANSMITTAL
RELEASE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
PREFACE
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- TYPES OF CONDUIT SYSTEM
- USES AND ADVANTAGES
- CHOICE OF CONDUIT
- MATERIALS USED
- I.E.E REGULATION
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 REVIEW OF COMPOUND UNITS
2.1 ACCESSORIES
2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF LIGHTING, RING AND CONSUMER CONTROL UNIT.
2.3 TABLE OF SPACE FACTORS
2.4 LOAD SCHEDULE
2.5 RATING FACTOR
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE
3.1 CONDUIT INSTALLATION
3.2 CONDUIT CAPACITY
3.3 WIRING SYSTEM
3.4 CONDUIT WIRING
3.5 BUILDING PLAN WITH DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS
3.6 LAYOUT DIAGRAM OF P.V.C CONDUIT
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 OPERATION AND TESTING
4.1 VERIFICATION OF POLARITY TEST
4.2 INSULATION TEST
4.3 EARTHLING TEST
4.4 TYPES OF EARTH ELECTRODE
4.5. CIRCUIT BREAKER
4.6 FUSES
4.7 CALCULATION UNDER DIVERSITY
4.8 DURABILITY
4.9 SAFETY
4.9.1 APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION
5.1 RECOMMENDATION
5.2 BILL OF QUANTITY
5.3 BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Building wiring is the electrical wiring and associated devices such as switches, meters and light fittings used in buildings or other structures. Electrical wiring uses insulated conductors.
Wires and cables are rated by the circuit voltage, temperature and environmental conditions (moisture, sunlight, oil, chemicals) in which they can be used, and their maximum current. Wiring safety codes vary by country, and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is attempting to standardise wiring amongst member countries. Colour codes are used to distinguish line, neutral and earth (ground) wires.
An electrical conduit is a tube used to protect and route electrical wiring in a building or nonbuilding structure. Electrical conduit may be made of metal, plastic, fiber, or fired clay. Most conduit is rigid, but flexible conduit is used for some purposes.
Conduit is generally installed by electricians at the site of installation of electrical equipment. Its use, form, and installation details are often specified by wiring regulations, such as the US National Electrical Code (NEC) and other building codes.
Electrical conduit provides very good protection to enclosed conductors from impact, moisture, and chemical vapors. Varying numbers, sizes, and types of conductors can be pulled into a conduit, which simplifies design and construction compared to multiple runs of cables or the expense of customized composite cable. Wiring systems in buildings may be subject to frequent alterations. Frequent wiring changes are made simpler and safer through the use of electrical conduit, as existing conductors can be withdrawn and new conductors installed, with little disruption along the path of the conduit.
A conduit system can be made waterproof or submersible. Metal conduit can be used to shield sensitive circuits from electromagnetic interference, and also can prevent emission of such interference from enclosed power cables.
When installed with proper sealing fittings, a conduit will not permit the flow of flammable gases and vapors, which provides protection from fire and explosion hazard in areas handling volatile substances.
Some types of conduit are approved for direct encasement in concrete. This is commonly used in commercial buildings to allow electrical and communication outlets to be installed in the middle of large open areas. For example, retail display cases and open-office areas use floor-mounted conduit boxes to connect power and communications cables.
Both metal and plastic conduit can be bent at the job site to allow a neat installation without excessive numbers of manufactured fittings. This is particularly advantageous when following irregular or curved building profiles. Special equipment is used to bend the conduit without kinking or denting it.
The cost of conduit installation is higher than other wiring methods due to the cost of materials and labor. In applications such as residential construction, the high degree of physical damage protection may not be not required, so the expense of conduit is not warranted. Conductors installed within conduit cannot dissipate heat as readily as those installed in open wiring, so the current capacity of each conductor must be reduced (derated) if many are installed in one conduit. It is impractical, and prohibited by wiring regulations, to have more than 360 degrees of total bends in a run of conduit, so special outlet fittings must be provided to allow conductors to be installed without damage in such runs.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The objective of this work is to construct a pvc conduit wiring system for two bedroom bungalow.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
Conduit is a rugged, protective tube through which wires are pulled. Careful planning and practice will result in a professional-looking electrical system. A pvc conduit wiring system is probably the most challenging of the electrical systems to install. Although it may seem at first glance to be a simple task, cutting and threading conduit efficiently requires considerable skill. With the instructions that follow and on-the-job experience, you should soon be able to do this well.
Concealed electrical wiring has become the norm of the day in modern construction. For safety and security of the installation, conduit pipes of different strengths are used to encase the wiring and placed in grooves carved on the brick surface, before the walls and ceilings are plastered and cemented.
Since the conduit pipes are inlaid, they should remain intact for the life of the building. Ensuring safety from electrical and fire hazards, conduit pipes also stand the test of time against all kinds of weather conditions.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
An electrical conduit (EC) is a piping system that is used to carry electrical wiring for either power or communication. These piping systems are commonly referred to as raceways. The EC’s are solid and they are used to both house and protect electrical cables and wiring. EC’s may be made from a variety of metal’s, plastic and fibers. Some of these varieties are available in flexible forms for your special need and run in 10 foot increments. Here is a list of your most common EC’s.
PVC is made from a combination of both plastic and vinyl. PVC pipes can be installed above ground, underground or encased in cement. PVCs are most commonly used underground. These pipes are light weight, flexible, impact resistant, non conductive, ultraviolet resistant and corrosion resistant. They are popular because they have watertight joints and low installation costs. They are not interchangeable with other EC’s.
1.5 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- It is difficult to install
- Fault finding process is difficult
- More time is required during the installation
- It is expensive compare to other wiring
- Incase of pvc conduit wiring, risk of mechanical injury is possible.
1.6 TYPES OF CONDUIT
Electrical conduits refer to an electrical system used to protect and provide route of electrical wiring. Electrical conduits are made of metal, plastic, or fiber and could be rigid or flexible. Conduits must be installed by electricians following standard regulations, as those provided by the National Electrical Code (NEC). below are the most common types of electrical conduits.
Galvanized Rigid Conduit
A conduit made form galvanized steel tubing is commonly referred as a rigid conduit. The thickness of a galvanized rigid conduit protects the electrical wiring from being hit and allows it to be threaded. Galvanized rigid conduits are used by electricians in commercial and industrial applications.
Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT)
Another example of rigid electrical conduit is the EMT, also known as Electrical Metallic Tubing. An EMT conduit is made of steel; in some cases aluminum is also used, cheaper than a galvanized rigid conduit and lighter than a GR conduit.
EMT is also a very popular material in commercial and industrial buildings because it can be bent to specific radius and directions. During the last couple of years EMT conduits have become popular in residential construction. EMT is a listed steel raceway of circular cross section, which is unthreaded and normally 10 feet long.
Electrical Nonmetallic Tubing
Electrical non-metallic tubing is another example of electrical conduit. A non-metallic conduit is thin-walled corrugated tubing, moisture-resistant and flame retardant. The non-metallic conduit can be bent by hand and can be easy installed due to its flexible properties. However, fitting used to connect non-metallic tubing are rigid and cannot be bent.
Flexible Metallic Conduit
A flexible metallic conduit forms a hollow tube in which electrical wires are passed. It is highly recommended in dry areas. The Flexible Metallic Conduit, also called greenfield of flex, does not maintain permanent bend.
Liquid-tight Flexible Metal Conduit (LFMC)
A liquid-tight flexible metal conduit is covered by a plastic waterproof coating. Its interior is very similar with the flexible metallic conduit. It is recommended for use in general wiring, wet or damp locations. It can also be used to direct burial; concrete embedded, and site lighting jobs.
Rigid Metallic Conduit
A rigid metallic conduit is made commonly from coated stainless steel or aluminum. The rigid metallic conduit can be treated to prevent corrosion by applying different coating to the conduit. Rigid steel conduit is the heaviest-weight and thickest wall conduit. Rigid metal conduit is available in trade sizes ½ through 6.
Liquid-tight Flexible Nonmetallic Conduit
Liquid-tight Flexible Nonmetallic Conduit (LNFC) is another term for a number of flame resistant types of non-metallic tubing. This type of tubing is recommended as a raceway for the installation of approved conductors with a nominal rating of 600 Volts or less for non-hazardous locations. The interiors of this conduit may be corrugated or smooth.
Aluminum Conduits
An aluminum conduit is a rigid conduit commonly used in commercial and industrial applications. Aluminum conduits are used to prevent corrosion and are the preferred conduit used in areas where large amounts of water and corrosion-prone areas. Aluminum cannot be directly embedded in concrete, since the metal reacts with the alkalis in cement. Aluminum conduits may be protected with additional coatings to prevent concrete is used in concrete slabs or walls.
PVC Conduits
PVC is the lightest conduit material and usually the lower cost conduit material. PVC conduits can vary in thickness depending on the uses and where the PVC will be installed. The PVC conduit resist moisture and corrosion but the tubing is non-conductive an extra grounding conductor must be passed into each conduit. PVC conduit has a higher thermal coefficient of expansion allowing the conduit to expand and contract. Be aware the installing PVC underground in multiple or parallel run configurations, mutual heating might cause problems on cable performance.
1.7 USES AND ADVANTAGES / TYPE
NON-METALLIC CONDUIT:-
Many types of non-metallic conduit are available, but schedule polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the one mostly used. It is a regid heavy walled flame – retardant, heat and sunlight – resistant conduit. It may be used in wet on day location in walls, in ceiling and above or below the ground. It is advisable not to substitute PVC irrigation pipe for schedule low PVC conduit. This type of conduit can be use with metal a non-metallic boxes but the non-metallic boxes are not the same as those use with type NPLC cable.
LIGHT GAUGE CONDUIT
Light gauge conduit is produced from trip steel which are form into a tube. This type of conduit has an open seam and is only used for small installation at a below 25oc, the light contraction of the tube makes is unsuitable for bending although it can be set.
HEAVY GAUGE CONDUIT
There are two types of heavy gauge conduit. Heavy gauge welded conduit and solid draw conduit.
Heavy gauge welded conduit is formed from strips of heavy gauge sheet steel and is welded at the seam. This is the most common type of conduit and is supplied in size from 16mm to 32mm. Solid brawn conduit is produced by drawing and heated to over a raw forming a heavy gauge seamless tube. This type of conduit is more expensive than welded steel conduit and is only used for flameproof installation.
FLEXIBLE METALLIC CONDUIT
This types of conduit is generally called Greenfield resembles armored cable in appearance but is more adaptable than cable because various sizes and numbers of wire can be pulled into it after it is installed.
This type of conduit be used plastic-covered Greenfield when the internal that have a determinative effect on the wire insulation this metal conduit has a thermoplastic outer sheath covering similar to that used on type T wire, the characteristics and uses of which are detailed in.
THIS WALL CONDUIT
Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT), commonly called thin-wall conduit, is a metallic tubing that can be use for expose on concealed electrical installations. Ti use should be contended to dry interior locations because it has a very plating that does not protect it form rusting when exposed to the elements or hurried condition. It is less expensive than regul conduit and much easier to installation, the process of bending require less effort, and the ends do not have to be threaded. In companion to the other wring systems. It ranks behind regid conduit but ahead of the other types of wring when considering the quality and durability of the installation. For this reason and because of the decreased cost in material labour, it is most generally specified for home building construction.
RIGID CONDUIT
Black enamel a galvanized regid conduit is approved for used under most conditions and in most locations. Metal conduit and fittings that are protected foam corrosion enamel may only be use indoors and in areas that are not subject to severe corrosion. Although regid conduit is generally the most expensive type of wining, installation, its inherent strength permits installation without running beards and provides additional damage protection. Its capacity facilitates carrying more conductors in one run that in any other system and its rigidity permits installation with fewer supports than the other types of wiring systems.
1.8 CHOICE OF CONDUIT
Today PVC is available alternative to other materials for virtually any application. Its combination of advantage make it a preferred choice when a conduit system is needed. Although there are many types of wiring ystem which can be used to provide a safe efficient, imperative and economical installation but in this project we emphasis on P.V.C. conduit wiring system. This when PVC was initially introduced to the electrical field, it was considered a substitute material with limited and special applications for example, because of its PVC design and resistance to corrosion, PVC was found useful in damp, corrosive environments such as chemical and fertilizer plants. As its use by engineers and contractor increased and its system design expanded, PVC’s advantages become evident. Installation of conduit wiring provides mechanical protection and accessible safety to persons and property and provides convenient and accessible electrical raceway system has adequate capacity for future expansion and is readily adaptable to changing conditions.
This write-up provides most up to data and comprehensive information about PVC conduit from basic raw material to installation characteristics of the finished product.
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