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This is to certify that the research work "design an construction of a speed control of a dc fan using a fuzzy controller" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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Machines have served the humanity starting from a simple ceiling fan to higher industrial applications such as lathe drives and conveyor belts. This research work aims at providing an appropriate software based control system because it provides computer featured applications, prevents rapid signal loss, reduces noise while also significantly improves the steady state and dynamic response of the motor. In this research paper, we have worked on DC motors due to its significant advantages over other types of machine drives. We have first individually studied Fuzzy controller in controlling speed for a separately ex- cited DC motor. Afterwards, we have analyzed both results to conclude that which technique is better to be adopted for precisely controlling the speed of DC motor. Outcomes from MATLAB fuzzy logic toolbox for simulation of our schematic has been provided in this research work. Our study parameters include input voltage of DC motor, its speed, percentage overshoot and rising time of the output signal.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.1   INTRODUCTION
1.2   BACKGROUND
1.3   BENEFITS OF USING FUZZY CONTROLLERS
1.4   OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
1.5   PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.6   SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
1.7   research methodology
1.8   orgnisation

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1   OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
2.2    REVIEW OF DIFFERENT TYPES DC MOTOR
2.3   REVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS STUDY
2.4  BRUSHLESS DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
2.5   CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATING PRINCIPLE
2.6    THEORY OF OPERATION
2.7     TORQUE/SPEED CHARACTERISTICS
2.8    PRINCIPLE OF DC MOTOR
2.9     FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER SYSTEM

CHAPTER THREE
DESIGN METHODOLOGY
3.1      SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
3.2      STRUCTURE OF BLDC MOTOR
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0   TESTING ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE
5.1     CONCLUSION
5.2     REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION
Motor drives have been in use for long time and are an efficient way of transferring mechanical energy into de- sirable output in industries. Although there are two types of motor drives currently being used in every industry but DC motors can be considered much better than AC motors especially when considering transportation equipment because of their maximum torque producing quality at stalls which is very poor in AC motors. Also energy recovery mechanism observed in DC motors is much better than in AC motors [1]. Moreover dc motors provide a low horsepower rating at a much cheaper rate than AC drives [2]. To achieve maximum productivity, every single thing of a machine should be taken into account and analyzed accordingly. In motor control systems, hundreds of problems are faced such as change in load dynamics. The most important affecting factor will be noise parameter which is too much various and unpredictable affecting the functioning of the machine [3]. Similarly, another main factor is speed which should be monitored constantly according to the requirement for a desirable and reliable output.
A DC motor as the name indicates is a motor initiated usually by direct current and is converted into mechanical energy according to the requirement. DC motors are ruling the world due to their extensive use in modern technologies and in almost every industry such as to operate steel rolling mills, electric screw drivers, sewing machines, hard disk drives, air compressors, reciprocating machine etc. [4].
DC motors are generally classified into two types:

• Self-excited DC motor;
• Separately excited DC motor.

The basic difference between the two types is that self-excited DC motor is initiated by its own field circuit while separately excited DC motor is initiated by an external input supply.
This research work aims at speed controlling of separately excited DC motor rather than self-excited DC mo- tor. We need variable speed drives in our everyday industries such as automotive, petrochemical, food and beverage etc. However, position control of machine drive is also important but once a position is adjusted by some mechanism then its need not to be changed accordingly again and again. However, speed of an object needs to be changed as required such as of motor used in blender. Sometimes it is required to blend the mixture at high speed and sometimes at medium or low speed. Therefore, a technique should be devised for variable speed con- trol rather than variable position control. The major reason of working on separately excited DC motor is that initiation of the motor is independent of internal circuitry of the machine. This gives us an advantage of gene- rating output as desired by varying input supplied voltage with accurate and better speed control as compared to self-excited DC motors. Separately excited DC motors are now extensively ruling the industries due to their marvelous inventions such as OEM battery-powered applications separately excited electric golf car dc motor etc. When considering hardware of a separately excited DC motor, speed can be controlled by following methods:

• By controlling Armature voltage of the machine [5];
• By adding variable resistance to armature circuit resistance [6].

Research studies have been done on using different controllers to control speed of separately excited DC mo- tor. Several mathematical models have been used to control speed of drive as discussed in [7] [8]. Different types of controllers used are Proportional Integral Controller (PI), Proportional Integral Derivative Controller (PID) etc.
The speed of motor is usually dependent on the type of motor used. Usually when a motor starts, it draws a higher current than an expected value due to a static friction associated with the motor. The higher current will always remain proportional to the input voltage. The input voltage verses speed of a specified machine drive has been analyzed carefully and corresponding outputs have been studied. Results are then analyzed to conclude that which controller is better. Fuzzy controller are monitored so as to give less  percentage overshoot and less rising time to make an efficient system and to minimize distortion.
Our research work has aimed on achieving precise and accurate speed control of separately excited DC motor by using Fuzzy Controller. The purpose is to provide a better speed control method by comparative study of two controllers.

1.1                                       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Machines have successfully replaced uncountable human efforts into efficient and reliable output. Both DC and AC machines are equally important suiting to the required application. Several researches have been done on improving reliability and efficiency in machines. They have not discussed that despite of so many advantages of AC machines for why only DC motors speed should be precisely and accurately controlled and how are they better than AC machines [9]-[11]. Similarly, no comparison of separately excited DC motor and self-excited DC motor is shown [12]-[15]. All parameters of DC motors are correlated such as load dynamics, angular machines, speed of drive etc. Angular position can be affected by changes in load and speed until and unless ideal case is assumed. Publication such as [16] has not focused on how angular position will be affected with variable speed of the drive. DC motors speed can be controlled by various methods of which most commonly used is fuzzy controller based on Mamdani and Sugeno systems. [17] [18] have not discussed the reason of using Mamdani system rather than preferring Sugeno system.
A feasible, proficient, workable and ultra-efficient system should always be designed for negligible percentage overshoot and minimum rising time. However, lowering of percentage overshoot and minimizing rise time often contradict and is not possible at one time. Publications like [19]-[21] have not shown any conclusion for controlling speed of DC drives by considering percentage overshoot and rising time.
To incorporate any method in a practical and systematic way for efficacious, operative and dynamic perfor- mance, results should be analyzed on the basis of comparison to conclude which method is better to be implemented. [22] does not contain any comparative technique.

1.2                              BENEFITS OF USING FUZZY CONTROLLERS

• Fuzzy controllers are more robust than PID controllers because they can cover a much wider range of operating conditions than PID can, and can operate with noise and disturbances of different natures.
• Developing a fuzzy controller is cheaper than developing a model-based or other controller to do the same thing.
• Fuzzy controllers are customisable, since it is easier to understand and modify their rules, which not only use a human operator’s strategy but also are expressed in natural linguistic terms.
• It is easy to learn how fuzzy controllers operate and how to design and apply them to a concrete application.

1.3                            OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The objectives of this project are:

• To derive simulation model of BLDC motor using Matlab Simulation.
• To improve speed performances of BLDC motor such as reduces overshoot; reduce rise time and steady state error by using Fuzzy Logic controller.

1.4                                                 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Direct Current (DC) motor was chosen for the speed control applications due to the control simplicity on the intrinsic decoupling between the flux and the torque. As the name implies, there are physical limitations to speed and life time because of brush wear. However, BLDC have been produced to overcome this problem. Since there are no carbon brushes to wear out, a BLDC motor can provide significantly greater life being now only limited by bearing wear. This advantage make BLDC motor becomes popular in the industry but this motor is a non-linear system hence, need more complex speed controller than the DC motor.
By this reason, the Gaussian Fuzzy Logic controller will be developed to improve the performance of variable speed for BLDC motor since the system of this motor is non-linear system.

1.5                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The scopes of this project are to simulate BLDC motor using Matlab Simulink software and develop the FLC that will be used to control the variable speed of the BLDC motor. The scopes of proposed FLC is limited to Gaussian membership function. The other membership function of FLC also will be develop to compare the effectiveness of the proposed controller.

1.6                                              RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In the course of carrying this study, numerous sources were used which most of them are by visiting libraries, consulting journal and news papers and online research which Google was the major source that was used.

1.7                                                         PROJECT ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study,  chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1                                                        CONCLUSIONS

Machine drives work when their speed is controlled precisely. For analysis a lot of issues come across such as changes in load dynamics, variable inputs, noise propagation and certain unknown parameters which result in unpredictable output of machines. Moreover, a reliable load regulating response with low and almost negligible noise propagation is necessary for a proficient system.
Our research work has first analyzed Fuzzy separately and then we have interpreted both outcomes to show a comparison that which technique should be used in controlling speed of DC motor. A system should always be designed for less percentage overshoot and less rising time. Often there is a contradiction when adjusting percentage overshoot for minimum rising time. Different research work has been done for lessening percentage overshoot and minimizing rising time. [23] has controlled the speed of DC motor by giving a less percentage overshoot of 10.1% and 2.1% at two different reference speeds. Fuzzy controller as it gives a percentage overshoot of 8.2% than that of fuzzy controller which is 14.4%. Percentage overshoot indicates an outcome when a signal surpasses its steady-state value.. Training phase repeats itself until and unless minimum error is reached. This minimum error limit reached is synchronized with given value of epoch which gives a low percentage overshoot then Fuzzy technique.

 

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CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design an construction of a speed control of a dc fan using a fuzzy controller" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design an construction of a speed control of a dc fan using a fuzzy controller" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "design an construction of a speed control of a dc fan using a fuzzy controller" was reviewed.

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of"design an construction of a speed control of a dc fan using a fuzzy controller"is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design an construction of a speed control of a dc fan using a fuzzy controller" detector consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design an construction of a speed control of a dc fan using a fuzzy controller" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of"design an construction of a speed control of a dc fan using a fuzzy controller"detector consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "design an construction of a speed control of a dc fan using a fuzzy controller" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design an construction of a speed control of a dc fan using a fuzzy controller" detector consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

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