DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF THE SYNCHRONIZATION OF A 2 * 250KVA GENERATOR
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TITLE PAGE
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF THE SYNCHRONIZATION OF A 2 * 250KVA GENERATOR
BY
---
EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "design and analysis of the synchronization of a 2 * 250kva generator" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
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Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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In this study, an automatic synchronization unit has been developed for the parallel connection of synchronous generators. Two synchronous generators are connected in parallel automatically with the developed control unit. Synchronous generators are also connected in parallel with the line. The voltages, frequencies, phase sequences and synchronism time data have been transferred to the microcontroller. These data are monitored and evaluated by the control algorithm coded into the microcontroller. Synchronize (Parallel) operation of generators are realized automatically when all parallel connection conditions are occur. The system doesn’t require additional measuring tools for monitoring and control processes. The developed automatic synchronization unit is fast, cost effective, reliable and precise to be used for monitoring, measurement and parallel operation of the synchronous generators.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM/ LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- BENEFITS OF SYNCHRONIZATION OF GENERATORS
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- DEFINITION TERMS
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- OVERVIEW OF GENERATOR SYNCHRONIZATION
- CONDITIONS FOR SYNCHRONIZATION PROCESS
- REVIEW OF GENERATOR SYNCHRONIZATION METHODS
- SYNCHRONOUS OPERATION
- SYNCHRONOUS SPEEDS
- EFFECTS OF POOR SYNCHRONIZATION OF TWO AC GENERATORS
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
- FACTORS CONSIDERED WHEN SYNCHRONIZING GENERATORS
- REQUIREMENTS FOR SYNCHRONIZING GENERATORS
- SYNCHRONIZING METHOD
- ANALYSIS AND OPERATION OF THE SYNCHRONIZED GENERATORS
- AUTOMATIC SYNCHRONIZATION UNIT
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULT ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
- ADVANTAGES OF PARALLEL GENERATOR SYSTEMS
- TECHNIQUES FOR SYNCHRONIZATION
- FAULTY GENERATOR SYNCHRONIZATION
CHAPTER FIVE
- SUMMARY
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
Electrical power systems consist of the interconnection of large numbers of synchronous generators operating in parallel, interconnected by transmission lines, and supplying large numbers of widely distributed loads. When a synchronous generator (SG) is connected to an interconnected system containing many other SGs, the voltage and frequency at its terminals are fixed by the system [1].
Some of the benefits of operating multiple generators in parallel include increased reliability, expandability, flexibility, serviceability and efficiency. The redundancy inherent in parallel power generation provides significantly greater reliability for critical loads. In a parallel configuration, if one generator fails, the most critical loads are redistributed among the other units in the system. Utilizing multiple smaller generators instead of a single large unit offers greater location flexibility. With multiple generators available, individual units can be taken out of service for repair or maintenance without losing standby power for critical circuits. Electrical machines operate at maximum efficiency value close to the rated load. If the load is too low, the efficiency of the SG will decrease. Parallel operation allows operating SGs around their rated load resulting operating with high efficiency [2, 3].
Variety studies related to parallel operation and control of SGs have presented in the literature. These studies include simulation, power control, synchronization and stability of power system including SGs [4, 5]. A standard of synchronization used for power systems is given in [6]. Simulation of parallel connected SGs is presented in [7]. An automatic digital synchronization system has been proposed in [8]. Using sensors and PLC in the control unit increase the cost of the system. A control unit for the parallel operation of AC Generators is developed and presented in [9]. Zero crossing detectors are used for transmit voltage signals of generators to the microcontroller.
In this study, microcontroller based an automatic synchronization unit has been developed for the parallel operation of SGs. The control unit read calculates and evaluates the frequency, voltage, phase sequence of the received input signals and then provides the synchronization for the monitoring parallel connection conditions and parallel operation of generators. The program coded into the microcontroller has developed effectively to eliminate the interface electronics circuit from the system.
Parallel operation of generators is achieved automatically with the control unit when all parallel connection conditions occur. There is no need to use measuring tools, such as voltmeters, frequency meters, phase sequence meter, and synchroscope for monitoring the parallel connection conditions. The proposed automatic synchronization unit is cost effective, quick, reliable, stable and accurate to be used for monitoring, measurement and parallel operation of the SGs.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
Historically, centralized power generating stations are being used as the major source of electric power. However, recently, environmental concerns and depleting fossil fuels have accelerated the role of renewable energy resources to fulfill energy demand. With the increasing energy demand, it has become necessary to deploy small scale distributed generators using different power generation sources near the consumer end. The electric grid expansion and need of installation of new power plants has become one of the most important topics of today. Distributed Generators (DG) can efficiently cater to the problem of ever increasing energy requirements by engaging small scale renewable energy sources near to the consumer end [1].
Currently, there is a gradual paradigm shift to utilize different small scale power generation technologies. So, in modern power grids, DGs are widely deployed to decrease power losses and increase dependence on sustainable energy. As most of the small-scale power plants use synchronous generators, they need to be synchronized with power grid to transfer power to the loads [2].
Generator synchronization is the process of matching parameters such as voltage, frequency, phase angle, phase sequence, and waveform of alternator (generator) or other source with a healthy or running power system. This is done before the generator is reconnected to the power system. Once a generator is synchronized with the parameters of another generator, alternator, or bus bar, the system can run smoothly again.
Generator synchronization to a power system must be conducted carefully to prevent damage to the unit, as well as the power system itself. When synchronizing a generator to a power system, the frequency and voltage of the generator must match closely. The rotor angle and the instantaneous power system phase angle must be close prior to closing the generator breaker and connecting the isolated generator to a power system.
In majority of cases for generator synchronization, the synchronization process is automated via an automatic synchronizer with manual control capabilities that can be used in backup situations.
For the synchronization process, the connecting generator and the grid must have same:
- Phase Sequence.
- Voltage Magnitude.
- Frequency.
- Phase Angle.
For the synchronization of a generator with main power stream, different countries have different grid specifications. An automatic synchronization should be able to adjust the parameters accordingly. In Nigeria, power grid has the standard frequency of 50 Hz and voltage peak to peak of 220V.
Synchronization are the commonly used for generators especially for large power systems, such as turbine generators and hydroelectric generators in the grid power supply. The aim of this work is to study the process of synchronizing two generators.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
When two ac generators are used to supply energy, It is not possible for the generator to supply power to the electric power system unless or until its voltage, frequency, and other parameters are exactly matched with the network. It is the process of matching parameters such as voltage, frequency, phase angle, phase sequence and waveform of the generator or other sources with a healthy or running power system is known as synchronization.
AC generators have to be synchronized with the grid before being attached to the grid. An out-of-phase generator connecting to the grid would cause a sudden power surge, possibly damaging the grid and/or the generator.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
AIM
The main aim of this work is to discuss the process of matching the speed and frequency of a generators or other source to a running network in power system.
OBJECTIVES
As a result of their huge importance, student involved in this study must study their structure and principle of operation and they must be able to analyze this study. Furthermore they must know how to connect generators to utility grid or to another generator and what are the consequences of such thing. In this study we will study the consequences of synchronizing two generators together.
1.4 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purposes of synchronizing generators are to provide reliability, expand demand, efficiency, expanding capacity, and meeting up with load requirement.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
This study has made us to understand how generators synchronization increases the reliability of the power system and allows one or more generators to be removed for shutdown or preventive maintenance
1.6 PROBLEM/ LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
Poor synchronization causes disturbances in the power system as well as severe damages to the generator and transients in power system. It damages the prime mover and generator because of mechanical stresses caused by rapid acceleration or deceleration. It causes high currents that can cause damage to transformers, power lines and the generator. In the absence of protection schemes, these faults can spread in whole power system thus leading to a blackout.
1.7 BENEFITS OF SYNCHRONIZATION OF GENERATORS
The reasons for synchronization of Generators are enumerated below.
Reliability
Several small units are more reliable than single large unit. This is because, if one alternator is failed, other alternators are still active and hence the whole system will not be shutdown.
Continuity of Service
In case of periodic maintenance, break-down, or repairs of one alternator, it must be shutdown and removed from service. Since the other machines are operating in a synchronize manner, the interruption to supply the load is prevented.
Load Requirements
The load requirements in the central station changes continuously. During light-load periods only one or two generators are operated to supply the load demands. During peak-load demands, other alternators are synchronized to meet the demand.
High Efficiency
Generators run most efficiently when they are loaded at their rated values. Due to the operation of few generators at light-loads and more generators at high peak loads efficiently loads the generators.
Expanded Capacity
As the demand for electric power is increasing continuously, utility companies have been increasing the physical size of the generating plants by adding more alternators. So these alternators have to be connected in synchronize manner with the existing generator equipment.
1.8 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
Connecting generators in parallel increases the power capacity, control in load management, ease of maintenance, and redundancy. The process involves the physical connection of two or more electric generators, and the synchronization of their outputs. The synchronization matches the waveform of the output voltage of one generator with the voltage waveform of the other generator(s).
When a synchronous generator is connected to a power system, the power system is often so large that nothing the operator of the generator does will have much of an effect on the power system. An example of this situation is the connection of a single generator to the Canadian power grid. Our Canadian power grid is so large that no reasonable action on the part of one generator can cause an observable change in overall grid frequency. This idea is idealized in the concept of an infinite bus. An infinite bus is a power system so large that its voltage and frequency do not vary regardless of how much real or reactive power is drawn from or supplied to it.
1.10 DEFINITION TERMS
HV: High Voltage. This is when any electricity supply in excess of 650volts. Primarily used for the transmission of electricity over long distances.
Kva: Kilo volt amps. A measurement of the electrical ‘pressure’ and ‘quantity’ to a building.
Loads: This is an equipment that is using the electricity supplied to a building.
LV: Low Voltage. This is an Electricity supply from 110volts to 650 volts.
Power cut: this is a failure of the mains electricity by factors outside of your premises.
Single phase power: This is the electricity produced from one phase of a three phase winding or from a dedicated singles phase winding.
Winding: This is the copper wire that produces electricity when it passes through a magnetic field.
Watts: this is the total energy supplied by a circuit.
AVRs. Automatic voltage regulators. The electronic device which controls the output voltage of an alternator.
Base load rating. The rating given to a generator when it is used for continuous supply of electricity at a given load 24/7.
Black out. A national or wide area power failure, causing major disruption. For example.
Brown out. A drop in the mains voltage (not a total failure) that can cause degradation of lighting and electronic equipment.
1.11 PROJECT ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design and analysis of the synchronization of a 2 * 250kva generator" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and analysis of the synchronization of a 2 * 250kva generator" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "design and analysis of the synchronization of a 2 * 250kva generator" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and analysis of the synchronization of a 2 * 250kva generator" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and analysis of the synchronization of a 2 * 250kva generator" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and analysis of the synchronization of a 2 * 250kva generator" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and analysis of the synchronization of a 2 * 250kva generator" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a "design and analysis of the synchronization of a 2 * 250kva generator" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and analysis of the synchronization of a 2 * 250kva generator" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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