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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCT A POWER LINE VANDALISM MONITORING SYSTEM USING ELECTRONIC SYSTEM

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TITLE PAGE

 

BY

---
--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---

DECEMBER,2018



APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "design and construct a power line vandalism monitoring system using electronic system" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.

By
---                                                     . ---
Supervisor                                                  Head of Department.
Signature……………….                           Signature……………….        

……………………………….
---
External Invigilator



DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.


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ABSTRACT
Transformer vandalism is becoming an alarming issue in the whole world. Power distribution companies are incurring losses of billions of money due to transformer vandalism. This paper is going to contributes to the design and implementation of a transformer vandalism monitoring system architecture that can be used by the power companies to deter or monitor the transformers against vandals. It is going to design a monitoring system that can be able to detect the presence of a vandal near the transformer, raise the alarm and send a message/call the control room officers or security officers in designated areas for response. The paper is going to have an algorithm that will be able to show the transformer location, transformer number and the necessary authorities near the transformer. The monitoring system will be a combination of Arduino hardware with Integrated Development Environment (IDE) program, sensors, and GSM for mobile communications. In this paper, the case study will be Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), a country utility company that is responsible for distributing electricity to consumers, emergency electricity services and lastly retails the electricity in Nigeria.

Keywords: Transformer Vandalism, Arduino, Global Mobile Communication System (GSM), Arduino GSM Shield 2, Arduino library Integrated Development Environment (IDE), PIR Sensors (Passive Infrared)

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0      INTRODUCTION
1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

    1. PROBLEM STATEMENT
    2. AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
    3. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
    4. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF PROJECT

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

    1. REVIEW OF THE STUDY
    2. POWER LINE VANADALISM DETECTOR SYSTEM
    3. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
    4. HIGH FREQUENCY ALARM SYSTEM
    5. REVIEW OF CURRENT SYSTEM
    6. PROPOSED METHOD
    7. REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

CHAPTER THREE
3.0     METHODOLOGY
3.1     SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
3.2      HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS
3.3     METHOD
3.4     CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.5     SYSTEM FLOWCHART
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1      CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
4.2     CASING AND PACKAGING
4.3    TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
4.4   RESULT ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FIVE

    1. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This project gives the insight on the design and construction of a transmission power line vandalism detector system. Vandalism means destructive action. It is a hateful and deliberate defacement/destruction of somebody else’s property or national assets like thehigh-voltage transmission power lines, transmission towers and distribution transformers, etc.The high-voltage transmission power lines strung from support towers form the backbone of the nation's electric power grid. Many of those 158,000 miles of lines, supported by nearly 800,000 towers, run through isolated areas as they deliver electricity from generating plants to cities. These high-voltage transmission power lines around the world are vulnerable to terrorism, vandalism, physical deterioration and extreme weather. Every year in Nigeria bad citizens vandalize the power line, towers, transformers, generators and other power transmission/distribution facilities. This causes frequent power failure and power surge that seriously affects over 50 million business firms and manufacturing industries in the country. These companies depend on electricity power supply from the power line for their productions. If the power line is vandalized, some of their machines cannot be powered on a generator then income, investments and commodities worth billions of Naira will be lost. If electricity is available during the power line vandalism incident, the lives and properties of the people within the area can be affected as a result of electric shocks, power surge and fire outbreak, etc. Vandalism is now largely driven by the soaring values of copper and aluminum in the international metals market due to increased world market demand fuelled by China and India’s growth in industrialization. Consequently, the vandals now operate in well organized syndicates complete with offices and hierarchy and accumulate large volumes of stolen materials which they eventually consign for export as scrap. Transformer oil, copper and aluminum are the main targets of these vandals. The uses of the stolen transformer oil are:
·        Mixed with diesel and sold as fuel,
·        Used as fuel for industrial furnaces and as cooling for welding sets,
·        Mixed with vegetable oil and sold as cooking oil.
·        Used as a cosmetic and treatment for wounds.
·        On the other hand, copper and aluminum have been in the past been used on a minimum scale by the informal sector for welding sets but are now mainly exported as scrap. It is this later use that is behind the recent escalation of vandalism.
Vandalism of an electrical transmission line is considered as a deadly national security threat.
 The diagram below shows the picture of a vandalized transmission tower.
Figure 1.1: Transmission Towers Vandalism
Power line vandalism affects the economy badly this is due to the burglar gadgets been made every year for the supervision and protection on the power lines. Millions of dollars are used every year to replace, maintain and improve the electricity network, yetthe power delivery system is being threatened by acts of vandalism. Today NEPA and PHCN have been privatized, since in 2013, there were more than 12 incidences of vandalism recorded on the Alaoji-Owerri 132kV line, Jebba-Shirioro  330kV lines, Osogbo-Ayede 330kV line, Oshogbo-Benin 330kV line, Oshogbo Ikeja 330kV line, Jebba-Shirioro 330kV line, Benin-Ikeja West 330kV line, Sapele-Benin 330kV line, Delta-Sapele-Benin 330kV line, Sapele-Benin 330kV line, Benin-Ajaokuta 330kV lines and the Abuja-Keffi 132kV line. Some of these transmission lines were vandalized more than three times.
Vandalism of power installations though inexcusable and unjustified has seen the vandals carting away equipments worth billions of naira. Recently, a series of vandalism of transmission installations in the Southern part of the country were reported because there are no electronic gadgets secretly installed to monitor these lines. This project, the design and construction of a power line vandalism alarm system present a solution to these problems
Figure 1.2: Cable Vandal
 
1.1    Power Line VanadalismDetector System
A power line vandalismdetector system is a high-voltage transmission line anti tampering electronic security device specially designed to remotely monitor and protect the lineagainst vandals.  The system detects when the transmission line is vandalized and as well when the vandals entered in the vicinity where there the transmission line tower is installed. This means that the system can sense unauthorized movement of objects (caused by humans or nature) around the transmission lines. The system circuitry consists of sensor nodes, buffer, alarm circuit, a power supply unit and a controller which processes data and triggers an alarm. The alarm sound comes from an output transducer called buzzer. The system at the same time communicates wirelessly to the power line operators and the law enforcement using radio frequency (RF) signal network.

1.2    Design Considerations
The first design consideration of the project is the availability of the components to actualize a power line vandalism monitoring system. The available electronic components in the country, with considerations based on sound economic overview for its availability and affordability. In the design the following below are also considered for the effectiveness and further development of the system.

1.3    High frequency alarm system:
A high frequency alarm sound is used to alert the people at the power station when the vandalism is about to take place. This assist the police, military and Para-military in their duty to ensure adequate monitoring and protection of power lines. The law enforcement bodies cannot be everywhere at every time, so when this alarm sounds at the power station, then they can alert the security agency close to the targeted destination. This is why in this project design included a high frequency alarm which can give an attractive high frequency sound that can alert anyone around when the vandals intruded to the power line vicinity.
1.4    Aims and Objectives
The aim of this project is to design and construct a power line vandalism monitoring system using electronic system that can monitor and report vandalism of the power line. The objectives are to properly secure transmission power lines and towers against vandalism, which would enable the PHCN to transmit quality and reliable bulk power in a viable and efficient manner.

1.5     Significance of the Project
The project is very significant for power line security and maintenance access control. It provides security to installations that in most out of sight areas. Other significant of the project are:
1.      It effectively monitors movement of these vandals when they cross their boundary and alerts the power line operators and the people around since it is also the duty of every citizen to protect and guard national asset. 
2.      This project can be deactivated or reconfigured when an authorized personal are present in the power transmission line zone.
3.      The project can be used in any place around the world
4.      It secures utility facilities, transformers, substations, power plant generation, transmission and distribution facilities located which at the end of this project, the vandalism of PHCN properties will be greatly reduced.

1.6    Scope of Project
The project detects when the power line cuts that is immediately the cable is disconnected, whether there is power or not.

1.7 Limitations and Suggestions for Further Developments
One of the major constraints to this project work is funding while its limitations and suggestion for developments are:-
·        The backup power supply of the project is battery. Batteries do not last longer as result of excess power consumption so in the future it will be better to use a standalone power supply system, (solar energy).
·        The system did not have a television surveillance system to automatically record the activities of vandals.
·        The project does not have a GPS or auto alert system by sms to alert the nearest security agency.
·        The project does not have a light dependent motion sensor which can detect a vandal meters away before he starts operation.

1.8                                       REVIEW OF THE STUDY
Social amenities such as electricity, pipe borne water etc, are services which makes life meaningful for the citizenry and are best provided by the government. Here in Nigeria, it is quite a controversial issue to discover to what extent these services occupy the scale of preference of the government going by the epileptic manner in which they are rendered and in view of another supposition that the country is yet a developing one, regarded as a third world country.
Vandalization and outright theft of public property becomes a role rather than an exception. The agonizing fact is that Enugu Electricity Distribution Company of Nigeria whose services are crucial to the nation is the most to suffer attacks from these vandals. Electricity power generation in Nigeria started towards the closing years of the last two centuries when the first generating plant was installed in the city of Lagos in 1898. From this date onward until 1950, the pattern of electricity development was in the form, of individual electricity undertakings set up at various towns, some of them by the federal government under the jurisdiction of the public works department and some of the native authority and one or two large municipal councils or authorities Amina (2008).
In 1950 in order to integrate power supply and make it effective, the government passed "The Electricity Corporation of Nigeria Ordinance of No. 15 of 1950. This ordinance brought under one control the electricity section, the public works department and all those undertakings which were under native authorities or municipal control and ownership" (Ifedi, 2005:10).
The Electricity Corporation of Nigeria usually referred to as "ECN" then became the statutory body responsible for generation, transmission, distribution and sales of electricity and its accolades to all consumers in Nigeria.
The Niger Dam Authority was established by an act of parliament in 1912. The authority was responsible for the construction and maintenance of dams and other effects on the river Niger and elsewhere generating electricity by means of water power construction of the Kainji Dam which began in 1914 as scheduled in December, 1968. Okeke (2011)
In September, 1967 the Federal Military government decided to merge the Electricity Corporation of Nigeria and Niger Dams Authority into a single body. A year later a Canadian firm of consultants "Sharno International Limited" was appointed to look into the technical details for the merger. The report was submitted in November 1971 – Ifedi (2005).
By decree No. 24 of 29th June, 1972, the Electricity Corporation of Nigeria (ECN) and the Niger Dam Authority (NDA) were merged to become the National Electric Power Authority (NEPA). The actual merger did not actually take place until, 6th January, 1973 when a general manager was appointed. The decree stipulated that the authority is to develop and maintain efficient and economical system of electricity supply for all parts of the countries Cohen (1973).
The network of cables and other materials for electricity generation and distribution are basically spread throughout the country making it not safe in most cases. As a result thieves and vandals strike anytime to sabotage electricity cables, circuit breakers, units, bolts and irons of transmission towers. This constant vandalization of EEDC installations has led to the closure of many companies in Nigeria and also hampering national growth and development. This is why the researcher are embarking on this work Vandalization of Public Utilities on National Development with special reference to EEDC installations in Aba Urban Centres, in order to proffer solution to the problem.

1.9    POWER LINE VANADALISM DETECTOR SYSTEM
A power line vandalism detector system is a high-voltage transmission line anti tampering electronic security device specially designed to remotely monitor and protect the line against vandals.  The system detects when the transmission line is vandalized and as well when the vandals entered in the vicinity where there the transmission line tower is installed. This means that the system can sense unauthorized movement of objects (caused by humans or nature) around the transmission lines. The system circuitry consists of sensor nodes, buffer, alarm circuit, a power supply unit and a controller which processes data and triggers an alarm. The alarm sound comes from an output transducer called buzzer. The system at the same time communicates wirelessly to the power line operators and the law enforcement using radio frequency (RF) signal network.

CHAPTER FIVE
5.1                                                 CONCLUSION

The design and development of transformer monitoring system against vandalism are one of the modern technologies that can help save a lot of money lost due to this illegal activity. Millions of dollars are spent every year due to power vandalism, therefore, this design will be able to offer 24/7 security. It is cheap to design and maintain and install on the transformer surface where the vandals cannot detect or see it. The suppliers should try to design the transformer that can accommodate this monitoring system in the future.


The AT commands are as well noted as Hayes AT commands. Sometimes they are called "Attention Terminal" commands or "Attention Telephone" commends depending on the group of people. In this case, AT commands are viewed as giving instructions to both mobile phones and normal landlines telephones. These commands are sent to phone modem that is either a GSM modem or PC modem. However, different producers may have different sets of AT commands, but mostly they are the same commands.
Lists of available commands:

Table 1. Common AT commands.

AT command

Meaning

AT+CMGS

Send message

AT+CMSS

Send message from storage

AT+CMGW

Write a message to memory

AT+CMGD

Delete message

AT+CMGC

Send command

AT+CMMS

More messages to send

 


CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design and construct a power line vandalism monitoring system using electronic system" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and construct a power line vandalism monitoring system using electronic system" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related works on "design and construct a power line vandalism monitoring system using electronic system" were reviewed.

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and construct a power line vandalism monitoring system using electronic system" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and construct a power line vandalism monitoring system using electronic system" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and construct a power line vandalism monitoring system using electronic system is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of ""design and construct a power line vandalism monitoring system using electronic system consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a "design and construct a power line vandalism monitoring system using electronic system" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and construct a power line vandalism monitoring system using electronic system" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

 

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