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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "design and construction of a 3kva automatic voltage regulator using microcontroller" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.

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The mains supply suffers from large voltage drops due to losses on the distribution lines. An automatic voltage regulator maintains the voltage to the appliance at the nominal value of around 220 volts even if the input main fluctuates over a wide range. An automatic voltage regulators are used for many appliances in homes, offices and industries.
In this seminar, the operation an automatic voltage regulator is discussed. Its intelligence lays in the program on PIC16F877A—a low-cost microcontroller that is readily available. The circuit, when used with any appliance, will maintain the voltage at around 220V even if the input mains voltage varies between 90V and 240V.
The PIC16F877A is an RISC (reduced instruction set computer) microcontroller with 35 instructions, and hence program development with it is rather tough. But, there are good support programs.  

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover Page
Title Page
Approval Page
Dedication
Acknowledgment
Abstract
Table of Contents

CHAPTER ONE
1.0      Introduction
1.1      Background of the study
1.2      problem statement
1.3      Aim/objective of the study
1.4      Significance of the study
1.5      Scope of the study
1.6      Limitation of the study
1.7      Application of the study
1.8      Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
2.0      Literature Review

• Historical background of the study
• Stages in the development of voltage regulator
• Types of regulator

CHAPTER THREE
3.0      SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION

• Block diagram
• Circuit diagram
• Circuit description
• System operation
• Description of major components used
• Discussion
• Conclusion
• Recommendation

References

CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                                     INTRODUCTION
In Nigeria and some other parts of the world today, the electricity power supply to consumers (at homes and industries) is not maintained at a stipulated voltage say 240 volts.  But the electronic gadgets and some other power operated machines, that we use in our homes, offices and industries requires power with constant or nearly constant voltage for their efficiency, and to avoid damage by the voltage (Harper, 2017).
An automatic voltage regulator is an electronic control circuit or device that is capable of providing a constant or nearly constant output voltage even when there is variation in load or input voltage as low as 90 volt can be boast up to 240 volt by regulator at output stage without any voltage fluctuation (Harper C, 2017).

1.2                                              PROBLEM STATEMENT
The rate at which our appliances get burnt is higher most especially appliances without transformer such as our cell phone chargers and lanterns. And this problem is usually caused by either over voltage or under voltage. Due to this problems, a voltage regulator was designed which regulates under and over voltages to normal 220vac. An automatic voltage regulator regulates the AC voltage and keeps from lower or higher to normal. It protects any electronic device connected to it from getting damaged.

1.3                                      AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
This seminar is aimed at discussing the design and operation of automatic voltage regulator which is a device that provides a constant supply in spite of any fluctuations or changes in supply in order to protect the home appliances. The objectives of automatic voltage regulator are:

• To step up and step down the voltage when the supply is faulty thereby preventing the life spans of electronic any electrical and electric devices that make the use of it.
• To filter current which bring smothering the components that can make use of it.(Oakes, 2017).
• To main a regulated voltage output
• To digitally display the input and out voltage of the device.

1.4                                        SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The automatic voltage regulator is a voltage regulator planned to mechanically sustain a constant voltage level. It is very device to maintain a constant voltage level. It can also use electromechanical components. It can be used majorly to regulate one or more DC or AC depending on the design. Therefore, the functions of this equipment are very wide and can be used majorly for various purposes. Electronic voltage regulator can be used majorly for various purposes. It has various functions like it can be used mainly for stabilizing the DC voltages that can be used by the processor and its main parts. In central power station generator plants and automobile alternators, voltage regulator controls the output of the plant according to Oakes (2017). In this distribution system, it may be installed at along distribution lines so that all clients recognize steady voltage self-regulating of how much power is drawn from the line. There are many functions of operating the AC depending upon the design. It is very good option to maintain the constant voltage level. Automatic voltage regulator is a superb invention of science, which is an electric device designed to authorize a constant voltage in a settable level. It is very helpful to maintain the preferred voltage for the generators within particular limits. The main working of it depends upon the laws of electromechanical physics. It consists of numerous vigorous and unreceptive electrical parts like thermostats, adopters and diodes. An automatic voltage regulator is the most important part for great amplifier to work. Its types are many, but they are highly in functionality and better performance. They are well equipped with self functioning controls and starts up functions which make them very easy and useful to handle easily and completely. They have different sizes, shapes and colors. There are also automatic voltage regulator which are so small that they can be easily places on a small printed circuit board. They are very easy and portable to handle. They may cover a higher volume of small house sometimes. Therefore, there is a wide variety in the automatic voltage regulator each has its own specifications (Oakes, 2017).

1.6                                           THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this work covers discussing the operation of an automatic voltage regulator.  We are working on this machine because we have some idea on how this machine can be constructed and also on how it works.  We are also doing this because we want to learn more about it.
As we have mentioned earlier, this device is a protective device that protects our electrical and electronic appliances out of current and voltage fluctuation. This is how it works.  When this system is plugged into the socket or supply, it will receive a minimum voltage of 100v and filter the current and voltage thereby brings out suitable voltage output to be used by the devices in it (Jackson, 2011).
So, we are building or constructing this device to reduce risk and damages the fluctuation of current / voltage caused by power fluctuations. 

1.7                                          LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The system design shall be capable of operating at an input frequency range of -15% to +10% of nominal, without clearing protective devices or causing component failure within the AVS. When generator or utility power is restored, the AVS shall automatically restart. Upon turn on or restart, the output of the AVS shall not exceed the specified output regulation limits (Michael 2018).
If the input voltage or frequency exceeds programmable minimum or maximum set points for a programmable time period (factory set for 10 seconds), the AVS shall electronically shut off. When electrical parameters are back within acceptable limits for a programmable time period (factory set for 60 seconds), the AVS shall automatically restart to provide conditioned power to the load. If the input parameters are within acceptable limits, but the output voltage is outside of acceptable programmed limits, the AVS shall electronically shut off and require a manual restart.
The AVS shall be capable of operating at 100% rated load capacity continuously, 200% rated load for 10 seconds, 500% rated load for 1 second and 1000% rated load for 1 cycle. Operating efficiency shall be a minimum of 96%, typical at full load.
Transformer winding shall be continuous copper with electrostatic tripled shielding and K-13 rated for the purpose of handling harmonic currents.
Response Time: The AVS shall respond to any line voltage variation in 1/2 cycle while operating linear or non-linear loads, with a load power factor of 0.60 of unity. Peak detection of the voltage sine wave shall not be permitted to avoid inaccurate tap switching due to input voltage distortion.
Operating Frequency: The AVS shall be capable of operating at +10% to -15% of the nominal frequency, 50Hz or 60Hz.
Rating: this device shall be rated at 3kVA.
Access Requirements: The AVS shall have removable panels on the front, rear and sides as required for ease of maintenance and/or repair.
Metering: An input meter is provided to display line voltages
Ventilation: The AVS isolation transformer shall be designed for convection cooling. If fan cooling is required for the solid state electronic switching devices.

1.8                                                PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The main purpose of this study is to maintain constant voltage and power line conditioning to the equipment load under a wide variety of conditions, even when the utility input voltage, frequency or system load vary widely.

1.9                                        SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
An automatic voltage regulator does the following functions:

• It controls the voltage of the system and has the operation of the machine nearer to the steady state stability.
• It divides the reactive load between the alternators operating in parallel.
• The automatic voltage regulators reduce the over-voltages which occur because of the sudden loss of load on the system.
• It increases the excitation of the system under fault conditions so that the maximum synchronizing power exists at the time of clearance of the fault.

When there is a sudden change in load in the alternator, there should be a change in the excitation system to provide the same voltage under the new load condition. This can be done by the help of the automatic voltage regulator. The automatic voltage regulator equipment operates in the exciter field and changes the exciter output voltage, and the field current. During the violent fluctuation, the ARV does not give a quick response.

1.10                                        APPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY

• Voltage regulator is used to automatically adjust the output voltage of the power supply circuit or power supply equipment
• It can be widely used in places require stable power supply voltage, such as industrial and mining enterprise, oil, railways, construction sites, schools, hospitals, telecommunications, hospitals, research and other department as of computer, precision machine tools, computer tomography(CT),precision instruments, test equipment, elevator lighting, imported equipment and production lines and more.

1.11                                                  DEFINITION TERMS
HV: High Voltage. Any electricity supply in excess of 650volts. Primarily used for the transmission of electricity over long distances.
Kva: Kilo volt amps. A measurement of the electrical ‘pressure’ and ‘quantity’ to a building.
Loads:  The equipment that is using the electricity supplied to a building.
Long power cut: Failure of the mains power external to your building, in excess of 30 minutes to 24 hours.
LV:  Low Voltage. Electricity supply from 110volts to 650 volts.
Power cut: A failure of the mains electricity by factors outside of your premises.
Prime rating: the rating given to a generator when it is used in lieu of mains power at a varying load. There is normally an overload allowed at this rating of 10% above the prime rating for 1 hour in 12.
Single phase power: The electricity produced from one phase of a three phase winding or from a dedicated singles phase winding.
Standby power: Maximum power a generator will give normally restricted to 1 hour in 12 for standby purposes only.
Winding: The copper wire that produces electricity when it passes through a magnetic field.
Watts: The total energy supplied by a circuit.
Surge: Overvoltage supply of electricity causing damage in sensitive equipment (opposite of Brown out).
Surge Suppression: Electronic equipment designed to restrain surges such as lightning strikes.
AVRs. Automatic voltage regulators. The electronic device which controls the output voltage of an alternator.
Base load rating. The rating given to a generator when it is used for continuous supply of electricity at a given load 24/7.
Black out. A national or wide area power failure, causing major disruption. For example.

Brown out. A drop in the mains voltage (not a total failure) that can cause degradation of lighting and electronic equipment.

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION
A voltage regulator is a device which regulates the AC voltage and keeps it between 90V to 240V AC. Sometimes a variation of voltage or spikes appear on an AC line, if we use a voltage regulator then the extra high voltages or low voltages can cause no problem to the appliances. It protects any electronic device connected to it from getting damaged.
With the 3KVA automatic voltage regulator designed and discussed was found to be satisfactory.  I hereby at least that with the myriad of problems encountered especially at the construction stage and having surmounted all, a lot of design, construction and troubleshooting experience have been acquired.  Maintaining this equipment can never be a problem since it is widely believed that what man put together, he can dismantle and re-fix.

5.2      RECOMMENDATION

                With the wide gap that is evident in the cost comparison between the imported or fasting assembled regulator and this one.  I hereby recommend that the institution should seek for financial aid from either the federal government agencies whose focus is to encourage low cost production” this equipment which no doubt will seek faster than one might think, mass production of this equipment will invariably reduce the production cost of about four thousand there hundred and two naira only.

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CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design and construction of a 3kva automatic voltage regulator using microcontroller" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and construction of a 3kva automatic voltage regulator using microcontroller" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "design and construction of a 3kva automatic voltage regulator using microcontroller" was reviewed.

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and construction of a 3kva automatic voltage regulator using microcontroller" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and construction of a 3kva automatic voltage regulator using microcontroller" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and construction of a 3kva automatic voltage regulator using microcontroller" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and construction of a 3kva automatic voltage regulator using microcontroller" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "design and construction of a 3kva automatic voltage regulator using microcontroller" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and construction of a 3kva automatic voltage regulator using microcontroller" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

 

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