A battery is a device which can store energy in chemical form and convert that energy into electrical energy when needed. It can be secondary (rechargeable) or primary (Non rechargeable) Rechargeable batteries have an advantage over primary batteries with the fact that they can be reused. This is possible by charging a battery, i.e. feeding energy to the secondary cell by forcing electric current through it.
A battery basically consists of number of cells, with each cell consisting of two electrodes immersed in an electrolyte solution consisting of an acid and distilled water. In charged state, one of the electrodes consists of a metal whereas the other consists of metal oxide. The acid enables flow of ions between the two electrodes.
When the battery starts discharging, electrons flow from one electrode (anode) and get accumulated at another electrode (cathode). This happens by the process of oxidation and reduction and continues till both the electrodes are devoid of reagents and the battery is completely discharged. The charging is then done externally by providing external electric current so that the anode receives electrons and the excess electrons are removed from the cathode. However a problem arises when the battery gets overcharged, this leads to more gassing effect. Even excessive discharging of a battery reduces its age.

A solution to this problem is to ensure a controlled charging method such that the battery charging and discharging is done in a controlled manner. This article describes a simple controlled battery charger using an SCR. The AC signal is rectified using a SCR and a comparator is used to detect the battery charge voltage with respect to a reference voltage so as to control the switching of the SCR.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRCT
TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION
2. BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
3. AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
5. APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
6. LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
7. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
8. PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0     LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1     HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BATTERY CHARGER
2.2     REVIEW OF BATTERY CHARGER
2.3      REVIEW OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF BATTERY CHARGERS
2.4     REVIEW OF SILICON CONTROLLED RECTIFIER (SCR)

CHAPTER THREE

3.0      CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
3.1      BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
3.2     CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.3     CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
3.4     SYSTEM OPERATION
3.5     DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR COMPONENTS USED

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT ANALYSIS

4.1     CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
4.2     CASING AND PACKAGING
4.3     ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.4     TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
4.5     COST OF PRODUCTION

CHAPTER FIVE

1. CONCLUSIONS
2. RECOMMENDATION

5.3     REFERENCES

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1                               INTRODUCTION

A battery charger is an electrical device employed in charging batteries that are usually charged by battery charges are the storage batteries also known as “accumulators”.
The charger is made up of various electrical and electronics component which for the purpose of clanty are group into your basic unit they are:
The power supply units
The smoothing circuits
The regulating unit and
Regulated D.C charging units
A Battery charger comes in various designs and voltage.  The choice of a particular and of charger that depends largely int eh size of battery or battery or batteries which on mterds to charge the mini battery changer could be used to charge batteries whose voltage ranges from 6 – 12 volts.  The bigger battery changes are for batteries with voltage ranging from 12 – 48 volts.  These are the heavy duty batteries.
The battery charge is built in such a way that it delivers a constant value of d.c current into the battery it is charging in the opposite direction from which current flows on the batteries during discharge one cannot successfully design a battery charge with out a fundamental understanding of the accumulator because it also makes up the operation.

1.2                         OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
The objective of the project is to design a device that will recharge 12v lead acid battery when discharged using scr as the major charging components.

1.3                       SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
This device charges 12v acid battery mainly, however, if the output voltages are adjusted can be used to charge battery of lower or higher voltages.
Apart from charging batteries, this device can also be used as a battery level monitor due to the battery level feature it contains.

1.4                        APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
Battery charger is used in the following devices for the purpose of recharging device batteries:

1. It is used in inverter
2. It is used in cellphone
3. It is used in Solar energy system
4. It is used in vehicles
5. It is used in an uninterruptible power supply (UPS), etc.

1.5                         LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

1. The AC to DC conversion here uses only the rectifier and may contain AC ripples as there is no filter.
2. The half wave rectifier makes the charging and discharging quite slow.
3. This circuit cannot be used for batteries with higher Ampere-hour rating.
4. The battery charging may take longer time.

1.6                               SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The AC main voltage is given to the step down transformer the voltage should be down to 20V approx. the step down voltage is given to the SCR for rectification and SCR rectifies AC main voltage. This rectified voltage is used to charge battery.
When the battery connecter to the charging circuit, the battery will not be dead completely and it will get discharged this will give the forward bias voltage to the transistor through the diode and resistor which will get turned on. When the transistor is turned on the SCR will get off.
When the battery voltage is dropped the forward bias will be decreased and transistor gets turned off. When the transistor is turned off automatically the diode and resistor will get the current to the gate of the SCR, this will triggers the SCR and gets conduct. SCR will rectifies the AC input voltage and give to the battery through Resistor.
This will charge the battery when the voltage drop in the battery decreases the forward bias current also gets increased to the transistor when the battery is completely charged the Transistor will be again turned on and turned off the SCR.

1.7               ADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATIC CHARGER
Features of this automatic battery charger made it more advantageous than other types and they are as below:

1. Automatic battery charger  has an indicator to indicate when the battery is fully charged
2. It has a manually operated switch that is used to ON and OFF the entire system.
3. It composes of in-built active components which stop charging process when the battery is fully charged.
4. It consumed less current but generate high current to the load.

1.8                          PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to an automatic voltage stabilizer. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of an automatic voltage stabilizer were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of an automatic voltage stabilizer. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.

 

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