This work is on design and construction of a 24V solar power supply or solar inverter. Solar inverter converts the variable direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network. It is a critical component in a photovoltaic system, allowing the use of ordinary AC-powered equipment.
In solar inverter, Solar panels produce direct electricity with the help of electrons that are moving from negative to positive direction. Most of the appliances that we use at home work on alternative current. This AC is created by the constant back and forth of the electrons from negative to positive. In AC electricity the voltage can be adjusted according to the use of the appliance.  As solar panels only produce Direct current (24vdc) to the inverter which is used to produced a 220vac supply.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Approval Page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of Content
CHAPTER ONE
1.0      Introduction
1.1      Objective of the project
1.2      purpose of the project
1.3     significance of the project
1.4      limitation of the project
1.5      scope of the project
1.6      application of the project
1.7      project organisation

 

CHAPTER TWO
2.0     Literature review
2.1      Historitical background of photovotaic cell
2.2         Theoretical review of solar cell
2.3          Review of solar cell efficiency
2.4      Review of solar cell materials
2.5      Review of early inverters
CHAPTER THREE
3.0     Construction
3.1      Basic designs of a solar inverter
3.2      block diagram of the system
3.3      Description of solar inverter units
3.4      Modified sine wave power solar inverter circuit using ic 4093
3.5      Circuit operation

3.6      Description of components used
3.7      How to choose the best inverter battery

CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.0      Construction Procedure and Testing
4.1      Casing and Packaging
4.2      Assembling of Sections
4.3      Testing of System Operation
4.4      Cost Analysis
CHAPTER FIVE     
5.0      Conclusion
5.1      Recommendation
5.2      References

CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION
Solar panels produce direct electricity with the help of electrons that are moving from negative to positive direction. Most of the appliances that we use at home work on alternative current. This AC is created by the constant back and forth of the electrons from negative to positive. In AC electricity the voltage can be adjusted according to the use of the appliance.  As solar panels only produce Direct current the solar inverter is used to convert the DC to AC.
An inverter produces square waves or a sine wave which can be used for running lights, televisions, lights, motors etc. However these inverters also produce harmonic distortion. Expensive inverters make use of lots of steps to produce a sine wave and thus are found in residential solar inverters. Basically inverters should be a large one so that it supplies enough power to all the necessary appliances.
Many people using solar inverters these days which prove that its necessity has been increased in the current years. A Solar inverter is similar to a normal electric inverter but uses the energy of the Sun, that is, Solar energy. A solar inverter helps in converting the direct current into alternate current with the help of solar power. Direct power is that power which runs in one direction inside the circuit and helps in supplying current when there is no electricity. Direct currents are used for small appliance like mobile e phones, MP3 players, IPod etc. where there is power stored in the form of battery. In case of alternative current it is the power that runs back and forth inside the circuit. The alternate power is generally used for house hold appliances. A solar inverter helps devices that run on DC power to run in AC power so that the user makes use of the AC power. If you are thinking why to use solar inverter instead of the normal electric one then it is because the solar one makes use of the solar energy which is available in abundant from the Sun and is clean and pollution free.
Solar inverters are also called as photovoltaic solar inverters. These devices can help you save lot of money.  The small-scale grid  one have just two components i.e. the panels and inverter while  the off grid systems are complicated and consists of batteries which allows users to use appliances during the night when there is no Sunlight available.  The solar panel and the batteries that are placed on rooftops attract Sun rays and then convert the Sunlight into electricity. The batteries too grab the extra electricity so that it can then be used to run appliances at night.

1.1                                         BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
Solar technology isn’t new. Its history spans from the 7th Century B.C. to today. We started out concentrating the sun’s heat with glass and mirrors to light fires. Today, we have everything from solar-powered buildings to solar-powered vehicles. Here you can learn more about the milestones in the historical development of solar technology, century by century, and year by year. You can also glimpse the future. From the 3rd Century BC when Archimedes fought off Roman ships by concentrating the suns rays at them with brass shields (they burst into flame), through work by some of the best known figures in the history of science, harnessing the power of the sun has long been a goal of human innovation. Let’s look at some of the highlights:
In 1767 Swiss physicist, alpine explorer, and aristocrat Horace de Saussure is credited with inventing the first working solar oven, amongst other discoveries. Constructed from 5 layers of glass and measuring around 12 inches across, the oven worked by allowing light to pass through the glass before being absorbed by the black lining and turned into heat. The heat is then reflected by the glass, therefore heating the space inside the box up to 87.5 degrees Celsius [4][5]. 
Also in 1839 Edmond Bequerel, born in Paris in 1820, discovered that when two electrodes were placed in an electrolyte (electricity-conducting solution), a voltage developed when light fell upon the electrolyte. The basic principles of solar power had been uncovered [4].
Many people using solar power these days which prove that its necessity has been increased in the current years. A Solar inverter is similar to a normal electric inverter but uses the energy of the Sun, that is, Solar energy. A solar inverter helps in converting the direct current into alternate current with the help of solar power. Direct power is that power which runs in one direction inside the circuit and helps in supplying current when there is no electricity. Direct currents are used for small appliance like mobile e phones, MP3 players, IPod etc. where there is power stored in the form of battery. In case of alternative current it is the power that runs back and forth inside the circuit [4] [5]. The alternate power is generally used for house hold appliances. A solar inverter helps devices that run on DC power to run in AC power so that the user makes use of the AC power. If you are thinking why to use solar inverter instead of the normal electric one then it is because the solar one makes use of the solar energy which is available in abundant from the Sun and is clean and pollution free.
Solar inverters are also called as photovoltaic solar inverters. These devices can help you save lot of money.  The small-scale grid  one have just two components i.e. the panels and inverter while  the off grid systems are complicated and consists of batteries which allows users to use appliances during the night when there is no Sunlight available.  The solar panel and the batteries that are placed on rooftops attract Sun rays and then convert the Sunlight into electricity. The batteries too grab the extra electricity so that it can then be used to run appliances at night [4].

1.2                                             OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The main objective of the study is to design and construct a device that can collect an input dc voltage ( say, 24vdc) from the solar panel and convert it to 220vac output which can be use to power ac appliances.

1.3                                              PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of a solar power supply is to transform direct current (24v) generated by a PV system into alternating current (220v), which can be sent into an AC appliances. These inverters can be used either in concert with battery systems or to directly power certain devices. They also tend to have a few identifying features that are specifically intended to be used with Photo Voltaic arrays, such as maximum power point tracking (MPPT).

1.4                                         SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

• Solar energy has always helped in reducing global warming and green house effect.
• Also use of solar energy helps in saving money many people have started using solar based devices
• A solar inverter helps in converting the Direct current into batteries or alternative current. This helps people who use limited amount of electricity.
• There is this synchronous solar inverter that helps small homeowners and power companies as they are large in size
• Then there is this multifunction solar inverter which is the best among all and works efficiently. It converts the DC power to AC very carefully which is perfect for commercial establishments
• This inverter is cost effective i.e. less expensive than generators
• Apart from solar inverters there are other devices too that make use of solar energy namely, solar cooker, heater.
• Solar inverters are the best way and they are better than the normal electric ones. Also their maintenance does not cost much money

1.5                                           LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

• Initially you need to shell out a lot of money for buying a solar inverter
• It will work effectively and produce direct current only when the Sunlight is strong.
• The solar panels that are used to attract Sunlight requires lots of space
• The device can work efficiently only if the presence of the Sun is strong.
• The device is powered using 24v solar panel and 24v battery – for storing the energy in the day which will be later used during sunset.

1.6                                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The main function of solar inverter is to convert battery's Direct Current (DC) into pure sine wave Alternative Current (AC) to feed home compliances.
Solar power inverter system is consisted of solar panels, charger controllers, inverters and rechargeable batteries, while solar DC power system is not included inverters. The inverter is a power conversion device, which can be divided into self-excited oscillation inverter and external excited oscillation inverter.

1.8                                        ORGANISATION OF THE PROJECT
This work is organized in such a way that every reader of this work will understand how solar power inverter is been made. Starting from the chapter one to chapter five focused fully on the topic at hand.
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to solar power inverter. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of solar power inverter were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of solar power inverter. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.

REFERENCES
[1]       The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms, Seventh Edition, IEEE Press, 2000,ISBN 0-7381-2601-2, page 588
[2].     James, Hahn. "Modifi ed Sine-Wave Inverter Enhanced". Power Electronics.
[3].     Barnes, Malcolm (2003). Practical variable speed drives and power electronics. Oxford: Newnes. p. 97. ISBN 0080473911.
[4].     Rodriguez, Jose; et al. (August 2002). "Multilevel Inverters: A Survey of Topologies, Controls, and Applications". IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics (IEEE) 49 (4): 724–738.
[5].     Owen, Edward L. (January–February 1996). "Origins of the Inverter". IEEE Industry Applications Magazine: History Department (IEEE) 2 (1): 64–66.
[6].     Dr. Ulrich Nicolai, Dr. Tobias Reimann, Prof. Jürgen Petzoldt, Josef Lutz: Application Manual IGBT and MOSFET Power Modules, 1. Edition, ISLE Verlag, 1998, ISBN 3-932633-24-5.
[7]       https://www.energysage.com/solar/101/microinverters-power-optimizers-advantages-disadvantages/
[8]       http://www.doityourself.com/stry/troubleshooting-common-problems-with-a-solar-inverter.
[9]       https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter.

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