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SCHOOL OF ---
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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "design and construction of a 4.8kva pure sinewave inverter  (2nd edition)" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.

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Signature……………….                           Signature……………….        

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.

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TABLE OF CONTENT
DEDICATION	II
DECLEARATION OF ORIGINALITY	III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT	IV
ABSTRACT	- 1 -
CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND STUDY	- 2 -
1.1        INTRODUCTION	- 2 -
1.2        STATEMENT OFPROBLEM	- 3 -
1.3        OBJECTIVES 1.4        MOTIVATION 1.5       SIGNIFICANCE 1.6       SCOPE 1.7       LIMITATION 1.8       APPLICATION	- 4 -
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW	- 5 -
2.1        DIRECT VERLSUS ALTERNATINGCURRENT	- 5 -
2.2        INVERTER	- 5 -
2.2.1 CLASSFICATION OF INVERTERS	- 6 -
2.3        PULSE WIDTHMODULATION	- 7 -
2.3.1         ANALOG BRIDGE PWM INVERTER	- 8 -
2.3.2         DIGITAL BRIDGE PWMINVERTER	- 8 -
CHAPTER THREE: DESIGN	- 10 -
3.1        OVERVIEW	- 10 -
3.1.1         STEP UP AND CHOPTECHNIQUE	- 10 -
3.1.2         CHOP AND TRANSFORMTECHNIQUE	- 10 -
3.1.3         CHOP ONLYTECHNIQUE	- 11 -
3.2        PROJECTAPPROACH	- 11 -
3.3        ELEMENTS OFINVERTER	- 12 -
3.3.1         STEP UP DC-DC	- 12 -
3.3.2         MICROCONTROLLER	- 12 -
3.3.2.1      WHY PICMICROCONTROLLER	- 13 -
3.3.2.1.1     INTERNAL ARCHITECTURE	- 13 -
3.3.2.1.2     INSTRUCTIONSET	- 15 -
3.3.2.1.3     COST	- 15 -
3.3.2.1.4     AVAILABILITY IN THEMARKET	- 15 -
3.3.2.2      GENERATING CONTROL SIGNALS	- 15 -
3.3.2.3 FLOWCHART	- 16 -
3.3.2.4      CODINGMICROCONTROLLER	- 17 -
3.3.4         H-BRIDGE	- 18 -
3.3.4.1      IGBTs vs. PowerMOSFETs	- 19 -
3.3.4.2      ENHANCED N-CHANNEL VS ENHANCED P-CHANNELMOSFETS	- 20 -
3.3.4.3      MOSFETsCHARACTERISTIC	- 20 -
3.3.5         MOSFETDRIVER	- 21 -
3.3.5.1      BOOTSTRAPCAPACITOR	- 22 -
3.3.5.2      BOOTSTRAPDIODE	- 24 -
3.3.5.3      GATERESISTOR	- 24 -
3.3.6         FILTER	- 25 -

[5]. This paper focused on the first method described and specifically the transformation of a high voltage DC source into an AC output.
This project builds upon the work of another project which mandated to build the DC to DC boost. In this report, it is detailed how the inverter’s controls are implemented with a digital approach using a microprocessor for the control system and how effective and efficient a 3- level PWM inverter can be. The inverter device will be able to run more sensitive devices that a modified sine wave may cause damage to such as: laser printers, laptop computers, power tools, digital clocks and medical equipment [1]. This form of AC power  also reduces audible noise in devices such  as  fluorescent  lights  and  runs  inductive  loads, like motors, faster and quieter due to the low harmonicdistortion

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Electricity is the major source of power for country's most of the economic activities. But in our country Nigeria, we have been suffering due to electricity crisis for a long time. To reduce this problem, there are some alternative ways which can help in this purpose. But among all of the methods using an inverter which can be powered with solar energy or battery system may be an easy and effective one especially in the rural areas where the electricity has not reached yet.
This solar energy is a renewable energy which is inefficiently exploited. The importance of solar energy is that it’s free, clean and with very high potentials in the future [2]. Photovoltaic systems (PV) are used to convert the solar energy into electrical energy using photovoltaic panels which can then be used into domestic electrical applications.
An important piece of solar power supply is the DC to AC inverter which converts the DC voltage from a battery to an AC voltage that is necessary to operate electronic components. Due to the delicate nature of this equipment, an inverter which is capable of producing a pure sine wave is necessary to avoid noise and wear on delicate and expensive gear. Many of these devices are very expensive so it is the goal of this project to design a DC/AC inverter capable of producing a pure sine wave for use with domestic equipment. In this project, pure wave inverter circuit was designed that can supply an electrical load of up to 4.8kilo-watts was implemented and realized.

1.3AIM AND  OBJECTIVES

The main aim of this project is to design an inverter that can be derived by 24V battery and can be used to operate AC loads while minimizing the conventional inverter cost and complexity using Microcontroller. The system’s objectives are;

• Generation of a pure sine wave signal from a  solar  panel  reducing  the dependency on the fossil fuels and limited energy source.
• Reduction of circuit’s complexity by using micro-controller to generate modulating signal.
• To provide a noiseless source of electricity generation.
• To have a source of generating electricity that has no negative effect on the environment (i.e. no greenhouse effect).

1.4                                                   PROJECT MOTIVATION
Pure sine wave Inverters are the best when it comes to back-up since they can come up very fast and they generate little or no noise unlike generator. Even in an area with constant power supply, power outage due to natural cause and faults are usually unannounced. It is therefore very important to prevent causalities and loss of goodwill by having a reliable back-up power installed.
1.5                                     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
In the recent years,  power  inverter has become a major power source due to its environmental and economic benefits and proven reliability.
Power inverter is produced by connecting the device on the 24VDC battery as the input to produce 220VAC as the required output. It can also be connected to solar panel.
Second, the whole energy conversion process is environmentally friendly. It produces no noise, harmful emissions or polluting gases. The burning of natural resources for energy can create smoke, cause acid rain and pollute water and air. Carbon dioxide, CO2, a leading greenhouse gas, is also produced in the case of burning fuels. Power inverter uses only the power of the battery as its fuel. It creates no harmful by-product and contributes actively to the reduction of global warming.
1.6                                              SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The scope of this  work focused on building a conversion device. It converts fixed direct current (DC) voltage to alternating current (AC) voltage output.
Power inverters are used to power and control the speed, torque, acceleration, deceleration, and direction of the motor. The use of inverter has become prevalent in wide range of industrial applications; from motion control applications to ventilation systems, waste water processing facilities to machining areas, and many others. Though power inverters offer lower operating costs and higher efficiency, they are not without their problems. In this work, application of sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique was used to generate sine wave output.
1.7                                        LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

• Expensive when compared to traditional generators or modified sine wave inverters
• The input is limited to 24VDC, output to 230VAC and the frequency to 50Hz

1.8                                      APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
The applications and uses of a power inverter are as follows:

• DC power source utilization
• Uninterruptible power supplies
• Induction heating
• HVDC power transmission
• Variable-frequency drives
• Electric vehicle drives
• Air conditioning
• Electroshock weapons

CHAPTER FIVE

 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The objective of the circuit was to invert power from high voltage DC sources or an output voltage of DC to DC boost into AC power similar to one available in our wall sockets for any load and of which was partially met. This inverter power output is usable for any load although not practically tested. Almost 90% of the project was completed within time line given and by the time this report was being submitted. The fact that I was able to integrate the whole system and achieve a desired output of both the frequency and voltage with reverence to rail voltage supplied shows that much of key parts of this project is practically achievable and with required DC voltage a complete working inverter can be achieved.
Some of the important conclusion that can be drawn from this work are;

• Output waveform frequency was found to be satisfactory at 50Hz equivalent of standard Kenya power system.
• Sine pulse with modulation circuit is much simplified by the use PIC16F877A microcontroller.
• In addition with the high programming flexibility the design of the switching pulses can be altered without further changes on the hardware.

There are a few changes that need to be worked on for future work. As mentioned earlier, the inductor used in the filter is a transformer coil and therefore not suitable for the amount of power required. Proper inductor is recommended, iron core inductor that has small copper resistance which will increase the efficiency of the inverter. In addition, I would recommend housing even the prototype boards in enclosures to avoid unwanted contact with the high power sources. Also hardware designed that isolates the load from the supply in case of over voltages, under voltages and phase outs would be of great importance if this project is to be commercially produced in large scale.

 

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CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design and construction of a 4.8kva pure sinewave inverter  (2nd edition)" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and construction of a 4.8kva pure sinewave inverter  (2nd edition)" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "design and construction of a 4.8kva pure sinewave inverter  (2nd edition)" was reviewed.

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and construction of a 4.8kva pure sinewave inverter  (2nd edition)" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and construction of a 4.8kva pure sinewave inverter  (2nd edition)" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and construction of a 4.8kva pure sinewave inverter  (2nd edition)" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and construction of a 4.8kva pure sinewave inverter  (2nd edition)" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "design and construction of a 4.8kva pure sinewave inverter  (2nd edition)" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and construction of a 4.8kva pure sinewave inverter  (2nd edition)" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

 

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