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TITLE PAGE

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A 4KVA POWER INVERTER

BY

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EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
INSTITUTE OF ---

DECEMBER,2018

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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "design and construction of a 4kva power inverter" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on Electrical and Electronics Engineering has been approved.

By
Engr. ---                                                     Engr. ---
Supervisor                                                  Head of Department.
Signature……………….                           Signature……………….        

……………………………….
 Engr. ---
External Invigilator

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.

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This project is titled the design and construction of a an DC to AC inverter system. It is designed to meet up with the power demand in the offices and in homes in the absence of power supply from the national supply authority, NEPA. In order words the device / item serves as a substitute for NEPA which almost monopolises the power supply to people.
It is designed in such a way that it will take up 12v DC from battery and inverts it to an output of 240v, 50Hz AC. It makes no noise during operation and no hazardous carbon monoxide is generated in the surrounding.   
This is a feature that makes it safe to use any where when compared to generator. Also, the circuit is capable of charging the battery (i.e 12v source) when the power from the supply authority is on. This greatly reduces the cost of operation of the system. This work is aimed at designing a modified sine wave inverter that can be used to power appliances both in homes and industries.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
• AIM OF THE PROJECT
• OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
• DEFINITION OF TERMS
• PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO
2.0     LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1     REVIEW OF HISTORY OF AN INVERTER
2.2   REVIEW OF HOW TO CHOOSING THE RIGHT INVERTER
2.3      REVIEW OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SINE WAVE AND MODIFIED SINE WAVE   INVERTER.

2.4     REVIEW OF INVERTER CAPACITY

2.5     SAFETY OF INVERTER

2.6     INVERTER RATING

2.7     WHY CHOOSE A MODIFIED SINE WAVE INVERTER?

2.8     TYPES OF INVERTER

CHAPTER THREE
3.0     CONSTRUCTION
3.1     BASIC DESIGNS OF AN INVERTER
3.2      BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
3.3     SYSTEM OPERATION
3.4     CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.5     CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
3.6     DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED
3.7      HOW TO CHOOSE A RIGHT INVERTER AND BATTERY
3.8      HOW TO CHOOSE THE BEST INVERTER BATTERY

CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.0     CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
4.1     CASING AND PACKAGING
4.2     ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.3     TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
4.4      COST ANALYSIS    

CHAPTER FIVE     
5.0     CONCLUSION
5.1     RECOMMENDATION
5.2     REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                        INTRODUCTION
An inverter converts DC power, to standard AC power (alternating current). Inverters are used to operate electrical equipment from the power produced by a car or boat battery or renewable energy sources, like solar panels or wind turbines. DC power is what batteries store, while AC power is what most electrical appliances need to run so an inverter is necessary to convert the power into a usable form. For example, when a cell phone is plugged into a car cigarette lighter to recharge, it supplies DC power; this must be converted to the required AC power by a power inverter to charge the phone.
In modified sine wave, The waveform in commercially available modified-sine-wave inverters is a square wave with a pause before the polarity transition, which only needs to cycle through a three-position switch that outputs forward, off, and reverse output at the pre-determined frequency. The peak voltage to RMS voltage does not maintain the same relationship as for a sine wave. The DC bus voltage may be actively regulated or the "on" and "off" times can be modified to maintain the same RMS value output up to the DC bus voltage to compensate for DC bus voltage variation.
The ratio of on to off time can be adjusted to vary the RMS voltage while maintaining a constant frequency with a technique called PWM. Harmonic spectrum in the output depends on the width of the pulses and the modulation frequency. When operating induction motors, voltage harmonics is not of great concern, however harmonic distortion in the current waveform introduces additional heating, and can produce pulsating torques. Most AC motors will run on MSW inverters with an efficiency reduction of about 20% due to the harmonic content.

1.1                          BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
Electricity has been a major invention playing a leading role in making the life easy and comfortable. People in most parts of the globe can’t imagine life without the lights flickering up after its dark, the fan making the days in summer comfortable and even the morning bread coming out warm from the toaster. Electricity defines the modern life, be it at the home or at the workplace, it is an irreplaceable element. However, with increased power consumption and newer gadgets being introduced into our lives, the same power inputs acts as a spoilsport. Well, technology has yet again played its part in making our life smoother as we have the inverter technology that makes the lights glow, the fans work and the toasters cook.
Is quit unfortunate that in so many Countries such as Nigeria, there is unstable supply of electricity by the power supplying company to the consumers. Hence the use of additional electric power source such as rechargeable DC battery storage with inverters are common. With advancements in power electronic switching devices, inverter based power source provides a better additional power supply. It is less noisy, provides complete automatic switchover function, possess no environmental threats. Furthermore, this system is less bulky and less expensive to maintain.
Most recently the use of semiconductor power devices such as bipolar transistors, thyristors for voltage amplification, particularly the MOSFET as the power switches, make way to the use of Inverter based power.
Power inverter is meant for use with a 12volts lead acid battery to produce a suitable output voltage of 230 or 240volts AC obtainable.
This output voltage of 240volts AC can be used for powering small electrical appliances such as lights, electrical tools radio, soldering iron, fan etc. However, it is with mentioning that the DC generated with this appliance is nothing comparable to the AC generated by big generation duration. This appliance is therefore suitable for short time replacement for the real AC generation especially in the remote areas and it is install where electrical appliances are sold and the need might arise for it to be tested and certified good.
Another main area where this equipment can be of great utility is in communication system. In a situation where there is a constant AC power supply failure example in offices DC – AC inverter is needed and such cases, inverter can be used as a source of light.
Most industries in the country do not make use of DC – AC inverter because there are through to be costly with respect to the task they perform. However, putting into consideration the task, this appliance can perform. It can be concluded that it is cheaper. The construction is simple, cheaper, easy to operate and portable. The usefulness of this device and the function cannot be over emphasized especially now that our country is passing through a very sensitive era in our power generating Authority (NEPA) has been dubbed NEVER EXPECT POWER ALWAYS. In these times when control and monitor of complex field operations have based in computer, a failure of AC, power supply to communication equipment means work stoppage and to some small scale industries a lot of economic and materials losses is avoidable.  Inverters come in different types such as Modified sine wave, pure sine wave and grid tie inverter are:
In modified sine wave inverter: The output of a modified sine wave inverter is similar to square wave output except that the output goes to zero Volts for a time before switching positive or negative. It is simple and low cost, also it’s compatible with most electronic devices, except for sensitive or specialized equipment for example certain laser printers, fluorescent lighting, audio equipment.  Most AC motors will run off this power source about at a reduction inefficiency of approximately 20%.
A pure sine wave inverter produces a nearly perfect sine wave output (<3% total harmonic distortion) that is essentially the same as utility –supplied grid power.  Thus it is compatible with all AC electronic devices.  This is the type used in grid tie inverts. Its design is more complex, and costs more per unit power.  The electrical inverter is a high power electronic oscillator.  It is so named because early mechanical AC to DC converters were made to work in reserve and thus were “inverted” to convert DC to AC.
A grid tie inverter is a sine wave inverter designed to inject electricity into the electric power distribution system.  Such inverter must synchronise with the frequency of the grid.  They usually contain one or more maximum power point tracking features to extract the maximum amount of power, and also include safety features

1.2                                    AIM OF THE PROJECT
The aim of this project is to design and construct a  4kva  modified sine wave inverter which can be powered from the source of 12V battery to produce an output of 230vac.

1.3                          OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
At the end of this work, students involved shall be able to:

• design an electronic device or circuitry that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC).
• Build inverter with input voltage (12vdc), output voltage (230vac) and frequency (50hz), and overall power handling depend on the design of the specific device or circuitry.
• Build inverter with waveform of modified sine wave.

1.4                                              PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of this work is to ensure there is uninterruptible power supply to our homes, offices and industries, and to prevent loss of data in case of power outage.

1.5                        SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
In the recent years,  power  inverter has become a major power source due to its environmental and economic benefits and proven reliability. Since the solar power system does not have moving parts, virtually it does not require any kind of maintenance once installed.
Power inverter is produced by connecting the device on the 12VDC battery as the input to produce 230VAC as the required output. It can also be connected to solar panel.
Second, the whole energy conversion process is environmentally friendly. It produces no noise, harmful emissions or polluting gases. The burning of natural resources for energy can create smoke, cause acid rain and pollute water and air. Carbon dioxide, CO2, a leading greenhouse gas, is also produced in the case of burning fuels. Power inverter uses only the power of the battery as its fuel. It creates no harmful by-product and contributes actively to the reduction of global warming.

1.6                                              SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
A power inverter is a power conversion device. It converts fixed direct current (DC) voltage to frequency sinusoidal alternating current (AC) voltage output.
Power inverters are used to power and control the speed, torque, acceleration, deceleration, and direction of the motor. The use of inverter has become prevalent in wide range of industrial applications; from motion control applications to ventilation systems, waste water processing facilities to machining areas, and many others. Though power inverters offer lower operating costs and higher efficiency, they are not without their problems.

1.7                                         LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

• Expensive when compared to traditional generators
• There are no large capacity inverter in the markets
• The inverter can power a few appliances for a short period
• The input is limited to 12VDC, output to 230VAC and the frequency to 50Hz
• The power rating of the work is 4kva

1.8                         APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
The various applications of the inverter are:

•  Wind/solar electrical systems,
• Back-up for power cells,
• Generator support systems,
• Remote homes,
• Telecommunications,
• Computers,
• Tools,
• Security applications,
• Mobile power,
• Boats and yachts,
• Airplane,
• Monitoring equipment,
•  Emergency power and lighting etc.

1.9                                                  DEFINITION OF TERMS
i.        UTILITY-SCALE PV PLANT: It is a installation that is ground-mounted. The plant owner sells energy directly to the electric utility. The interconnection occurs on medium or high voltage level
ii.       UTILITY-SCALE INVERTER: Inverter which is used in an Utility-scale installation

• MAXIMUM INPUT VOLTAGE (VDCMAX): allowed maximum voltage at the inverter input
• MINIMUM INPUT VOLTAGE (VDCMIN): minimum input voltage for the inverter to energize the utility grid, independent of mode of operation
• START-UP INPUT VOLTAGE (VDCSTART): input voltage at which the inverter starts energizing the utility grid rated input voltage (Vdc,r) input voltage specified by the manufacturer, to which other data sheet information refers
• MAXIMUM MPP VOLTAGE (VMPPMAX): maximum voltage at which the inverter can deliver its rated power
• MINIMUM MPP VOLTAGE (VMPPMIN): minimum voltage at which the inverter can deliver its rated power
• MAXIMUM INPUT CURRENT (IDCMAX): maximum current at which the inverter can operate. If the inverter has multiple MPP inputs, Idcmax is related to each single input
• MAXIMUM GRID VOLTAGE (VACMAX): maximum voltage at which the inverter can energize the grid.
• RATED POWER (PAC,R): the active power the inverter can deliver in continuous operation
• RATED FREQUENCY (FR): utility grid frequency at which the inverter performs as specified
• MAXIMUM FREQUENCY (FMAX): maximum frequency at which the inverter can energize the grid.
• MINIMUM FREQUENCY (FMIN): minimum frequency at which the inverter can energize the grid.
• NIGHT-TIME POWER LOSS: power loss of the inverter, which is supplied from the public grid, when no solar generator power is present.
• INVERTER: electric energy converter that changes direct electric current to single-phase or polyphase alternating current.
• INVERTER BACKFEED CURRENT: the maximum current that can be impressed onto the PV array and its wiring from the inverter, under normal or single fault conditions.
• POWER UNIT: The power unit consists of a l2VoJts D.C battery suitable for driving the inverter circuit. The battery source is recharged when it gets discharged.
• DRIVER /AMPLIFIER: The driver unit is used to amplify the signal or pulse from the astable multi-vibrator for it to be able to trigger the MOSFET.
• THE MOSFET SWITCH: The mosfet is used to pass negative supply of the battery to the booster transformer.
• STEP-UP TRANSFORMER: The setup transformer is used to step up the 12v supply to the desired voltage.

1.10                        PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to a power inverter. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of a power inverter were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of a power inverter. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.

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CHAPTER TWO: The complete chapter two of “design and construction of a 4kva power inverter” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of “design and construction of a 4kva power inverter” consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on “design and construction of a 4kva power inverter” was reviewed.

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of “design and construction of a 4kva power inverter” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of “design and construction of a 4kva power inverter” consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of “design and construction of a 4kva power inverter” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of “design and construction of a 4kva power inverter” consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a “design and construction of a 4kva power inverter” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of “design and construction of a 4kva power inverter” consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

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