DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A 5KVA 24V SOLAR INVERTER
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TITLE PAGE
BY
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--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "design and construction of a 5kva 24v solar inverter" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
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Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
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External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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This work is on design and construction of a 5KVA/24V solar inverter. Solar inverter converts the variable direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network. It is a critical component in a photovoltaic system, allowing the use of ordinary AC-powered equipment.
In solar inverter, Solar panels produce direct electricity with the help of electrons that are moving from negative to positive direction. Most of the appliances that we use at home work on alternative current. This AC is created by the constant back and forth of the electrons from negative to positive. In AC electricity the voltage can be adjusted according to the use of the appliance. As solar panels only produce Direct current the solar inverter is used to convert the DC to AC.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Approval Page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of Content
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of Problem
1.3 Aim and
objectives of the project
1.4 Purpose of the project
1.5 Significance of the project
1.6 limitation of the project
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review
2.1 Historitical background of photovotaic cell
2.2 Theoretical review of solar cell
2.3 Review of solar cell efficiency
2.4 Review of solar cell materials
2.5 Review of early inverters
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Construction
3.1 Basic designs of a solar inverter
3.2 block diagram of the system
3.3 Description of solar inverter units
3.4 Modified sine wave power solar inverter circuit using ic 4093
3.5 Circuit operation
3.6 Description of components used
3.7 How to choose the best inverter battery
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.0 Construction Procedure and Testing
4.1 Casing and Packaging
4.2 Assembling of Sections
4.3 Testing of System Operation
4.4 Cost Analysis
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion
5.1 Recommendation
5.2 References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Solar panels produce direct electricity with the help of electrons that are moving from negative to positive direction. Most of the appliances that we use at home work on alternative current. This AC is created by the constant back and forth of the electrons from negative to positive. In AC electricity the voltage can be adjusted according to the use of the appliance. As solar panels only produce Direct current the solar inverter is used to convert the DC to AC.
An inverter produces square waves or a sine wave which can be used for running lights, televisions, lights, motors etc. However these inverters also produce harmonic distortion. Expensive inverters make use of lots of steps to produce a sine wave and thus are found in residential solar inverters. Basically inverters should be a large one so that it supplies enough power to all the necessary appliances.
Many people using solar inverters these days which prove that its necessity has been increased in the current years. A Solar inverter is similar to a normal electric inverter but uses the energy of the Sun, that is, Solar energy. A solar inverter helps in converting the direct current into alternate current with the help of solar power. Direct power is that power which runs in one direction inside the circuit and helps in supplying current when there is no electricity. Direct currents are used for small appliance like mobile e phones, MP3 players, IPod etc. where there is power stored in the form of battery. In case of alternative current it is the power that runs back and forth inside the circuit. The alternate power is generally used for house hold appliances. A solar inverter helps devices that run on DC power to run in AC power so that the user makes use of the AC power. If you are thinking why to use solar inverter instead of the normal electric one then it is because the solar one makes use of the solar energy which is available in abundant from the Sun and is clean and pollution free.
Solar inverters are also called as photovoltaic solar inverters. These devices can help you save lot of money. The small-scale grid one have just two components i.e. the panels and inverter while the off grid systems are complicated and consists of batteries which allows users to use appliances during the night when there is no Sunlight available. The solar panel and the batteries that are placed on rooftops attract Sun rays and then convert the Sunlight into electricity. The batteries too grab the extra electricity so that it can then be used to run appliances at night.
1.1.1 DESCRIPTION OF SOLAR INVERTER UNITS
Solar cell
A solar cell (also called a photovoltaic cell) is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics—e.g. current, voltage, or resistance—vary when exposed to light. The solar cell produces a dc voltage to the battery which then powers the whole circuit.
Pulse generator: this is the signal processing and control circuit that generates the logic level control signals used to turn the power switch (semiconductor) ON and OFF. There are many different circuits that one can adopt and use a pulse generator or oscillator, in fact many ICs that need few external components to be connected are available in the market for use. Such IC is SG3524. The output of this circuit is either sent to the power switch (transistor) directly the or via the driver circuit for amplification before it is sent to the power switch as the case may be. Of course the choice depends on the designs and / or transistor used as power switch.
Driver circuits: This circuit amplifies the signal from pulse generator to levels required by the power switch and provides electrical isolation when required between the power switch and the logic level signal processing circuit (pulse generator).
Power switch: MOSFET is also known as switch. They are used here as the switching devices. They should stand to withstand the high current of the primary winding (low voltage side) of the transformer.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Faced with the problem of abysmal power supply from supply authorities, noise pollution, air pollution, cost of the popular alternative: generator sets, there is a need for a less noisy, pollution free and cheap solution to power problems in the houses of individuals and families in Nigeria. An inverter was invented to solve this problem.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
The main aim of the study is to design and construct a device that can collect an input dc voltage from the solar panel and convert it to 220vac output which can be use to power ac appliances. This device delivers an output power of 5kva to a load. At the end of this work the following objectives shall be achieved:
i. To build the system prototype.
ii. To modify sine wave that can be used to power appliances both in house and industries.
ii. To safely operate any devices (such as micro wave, drills, clock, speed motor) that require sensitive calibration.
iii. To back-up the erratic power supply by PHCN.
iv. To ensure the protection of the back-up source consumer equipment and supply.
v. To be able to connect two 24v/100Ah battery in series in order to achieve 24v/100Ah.
1.4 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of a solar inverter is to transform direct current (DC) generated by a PV system into alternating current (AC), which can be sent into an AC appliances. These inverters can be used either in concert with battery systems or to directly power certain devices. They also tend to have a few identifying features that are specifically intended to be used with Photo Voltaic arrays, such as maximum power point tracking (MPPT).
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- Solar energy has always helped in reducing global warming and green house effect.
- Also use of solar energy helps in saving money many people have started using solar based devices
- A solar inverter helps in converting the Direct current into batteries or alternative current. This helps people who use limited amount of electricity.
- There is this synchronous solar inverter that helps small homeowners and power companies as they are large in size
- Then there is this multifunction solar inverter which is the best among all and works efficiently. It converts the DC power to AC very carefully which is perfect for commercial establishments
- This inverter is cost effective i.e. less expensive than generators
- Apart from solar inverters there are other devices too that make use of solar energy namely, solar cooker, heater.
- Solar inverters are the best way and they are better than the normal electric ones. Also their maintenance does not cost much money
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- Initially you need to shell out a lot of money for buying a solar inverter
- It will work effectively and produce direct current only when the Sunlight is strong.
- The solar panels that are used to attract Sunlight requires lots of space
- The device can work efficiently only if the presence of the Sun is strong.
- The device is powered using 24v battery.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
In the context of renewable energy, a solar inverter is a device that will convert DC battery/solar panel voltage into mains type AC power; suitable for use in your home or business.
Without this conversion from DC to AC, special appliances or adapters often need to be purchased - and DC appliances are often more expensive than their AC counterparts.
The above two types of batteries are popular inverter batteries. Before buying the inverter and the battery, ask your dealer which suits your requirement better.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
This project is designed to be used in our homes, offices and industries where there is need for 24hrs supply. And should be used and maintain by a qualified personnel. A dip cycle battery is also recommended.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design and construction of a 5kva 24v solar inverter" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and construction of a 5kva 24v solar inverter" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "design and construction of a 5kva 24v solar inverter" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and construction of a 5kva 24v solar inverter" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and construction of a 5kva 24v solar inverter" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and construction of a 5kva 24v solar inverter" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and construction of a 5kva 24v solar inverter" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "design and construction of a 5kva 24v solar inverter" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and construction of a 5kva 24v solar inverter" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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