Power failure is a key issue in many developing countries of the world. To sustain development, the need for alternative power supply becomes necessary. Changing between the main supply line and the alternative supply poses yet another problem. Many attempts have been made to develop automatic power changeover but without due consideration of the fact that there could be times when we need to regulate the behavior of the automatic change over. This paper therefore presents the design and construction of microcontroller based programmable automatic power change over. The paper discusses the design, construction and operation of a program controlled power change over system that allows users to select the mode they would prefer to have their change over operate. Three modes were achieved, including auto mode, timed mode and manual mode, which were selected from push buttons. LCD interface was used for the output display. 8051 microcontroller was used to implement the control program while modular methodology was adopted.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRCT
TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
• LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
• ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

 

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     REVIEW OF CHANGEOVER
2.2     HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF AN AUTOMATIC CHANGEOVER
2.3    REVIEW OF ELECTRICAL PHASES
2.4     REVIEW OF THREE-PHASE ELECTRIC POWER
2.5     POWER SUPPLY UNIT
2.5.1 THE RECTIFYING UNIT
2.5.2 THE SMOOTHING UNIT
2.5.3 THE REGULATOR AND REGULATED

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
3.1     BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
3.2     CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.3     CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
3.4     SYSTEM OPERATION
3.5     DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR COMPONENTS USED

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0      RESULT ANALYSIS

4.1     CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
4.2     CASING AND PACKAGING
4.3     ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.4     TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATIONOBSERVATIONS
4.6     DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED ON THE SYSTEM
4.7      PICTURE OF THE SYSTEM AFTER CONSTRUCTION
4.7      COST OF PRODUCTION

CHAPTER FIVE

• SUMAMRY
• CONCLUSIONS/SUGGESTIONS

5.3     REFERENCES

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1                                          INTRODUCTION
The Change Over Switch is a device used to switch off a power supply and subsequently switch on another power supply. Basically it is aimed at switching on a more convenient power supply to the load.
Since it switches on power to the load, precautions has to be taken while choosing the type of Change Over Switch, while selecting the appropriate size, the control of arcing has to be put into consideration.
A good switch should be the one whose contact is made in such a way as to limit the arc formation by having no contact-bounce and by having contacts made of good conductive, corrosion resistance and wear resistance materials.
A good change over switch must have adequate insulation and must be so constructed and located as not to constitute a potential hazard.
A good change over switch should also have tight contact points so as to limit or eliminate the possibility of partial contact at the contact point. The partial contact leads to over heating of the components and may lead to fire outbreak in the entire room.

 

1.2                          BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
The role of electric power in everyday need of individuals and nations cannot be overemphasized, especially in this era of the proliferation of consumer electronics and electrical appliances for both home and industrial use.
The need is quite obviously on an ever increasing demand.
The global economy depends largely on constant supply of electricity for growth, so nations with poor
or epileptic supply of electricity may not develop in this 21st century. While the era of fluctuation of supply of electricity is long forgotten in many industrialized nations of the world, many developing countries still suffer setbacks arising from incessant power failures. The provision of alternative power source (generators) has no doubt brought succour but not without an attendant challenge associated with manual operation of the changeover.

 

1.3                                   AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
Due to inconsistent supply of power, there is a growing need for an alternative source of power supply. This has lead to heavy capital investment in a bid to suppress power failure and ensure regular power supply for the industry, hospitals, schools and homes. The problem of power failure can be checkmated with the use of stand-by generating set.
An Engineering Author, “Tony Rudkin” said in his book titled “Upgraded Signal Source with Improved Performance and Reliability” that the cost and depredation associated with breakdown vary from one application to the other, and in some cases, the user has little choice but to ensure that a stand-by unit is available to take over on event of failure of primary system.
If some of these big firm do not make provisions for stand-by power source, frustration could set in which may lead to the closure of business and thus throwing workers into unemployment. Also in the case of hospital, undergoing a surgical operation and power supply suddenly go off, the patient might lose his or her life due to the power outage.
Furthermore, if the president of the country is making nationwide broadcast and all of a sudden power went off in the transmitting station, it would be viewed as an attempt to sabotage the government ruling and some people must pay for it.
In his book, Tony Rudkin also said that the depredation caused by such reduce efficiency of the organization and leads to a great deal of frustration.
Sequel to the rate at which more sophisticated electrical/electronics gadgets are being procured and installed in our homes, hospitals and business premises, there is a justifiable need for a faster and more reliable change over system in an event of power outage.
In view of these considerations, this project is aimed at designing and constructing a workable automatic change over switch with a phase failure detecting circuit also known as “Automatic Mains Failure” which switches on the head from power Holding Company (PHC) to a generator when power fails and from generator to PHC when power comes back. LCD interface was used for the output display. 8051 microcontroller was used to implement the control program while modular methodology was adopted.

1.4                          SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
The automatic change over switch, the switch aimed at achieving the following automatic actions;

• To change power over to generator
• To change back to PHC
• To change the generator.

The automatic change over unit can be operated in single or three phase system. The automatic change over switch has the following advantages;
It minimizes damages to lives/equipment since it has its own monitoring system and its switching requires no human contact with the switch, thus eliminating human error. 
It reduces its change over timing to the minimum due to its fast response to power outage.
It maintains high quality of service through its fast and prompt response.
Moreover, the size and captivity of the unit will depend upon the load for which it will be used. The unit is also portable, easy, convenient and safe to install.

1.5                       STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
In every home, office or industries, automatic power changeover  plays a vital role, that is, It provides a means of switching from utility AC mains to generator in the case of power failure; This project has been improved on the existing types of electromechanical device that has being in use over the years.     
In the course of designing this project, different kinds of problem was notice such as:

• Difficulty in troubleshooting with circuit without the circuit diagram
• Difficulty in connecting the output without short-circuiting, until a multiplexing circuit was gotten.
• Difficult in wiring because of the strong wiring the project required..

1.6                SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
This work covers only a one phase automatic changeover which can only be used for providing a means of switching from one phase of AC mains to another in the case of failure in public utility. This work discusses the design, construction and operation of a program controlled power change over system that allows users to select the mode they would prefer to have their change over operate. Three modes were achieved, including auto mode, timed mode and manual mode, which were selected from push buttons. LCD interface was used for the output display. The 8051 microcontroller was used to implement the control program while modular methodology was adopted.

1.7                           APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
Applications of this project are as below:

• Small and Medium Scale Industries
•  Residential Apartments.
• Offices.
• ATM.

1.8                          PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to a changeover switch. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of a changeover switch were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of a changeover switch. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.

 

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