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TITLE PAGE

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A 6 KVA PURE SINEWAVE POWER INVERTER SYSTEM

BY

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EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
INSTITUTE OF ---

DECEMBER,2018

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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "design and construction of a 6 kva pure sinewave power inverter system" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on Electrical and Electronics Engineering has been approved.

By
Engr. ---                                                     Engr. ---
Supervisor                                                  Head of Department.
Signature……………….                           Signature……………….        

……………………………….
 Engr. ---
External Invigilator

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.

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This project is titled the design and construction of a pure sine wave inverter system. Pure sine wave inverters produce a pure sine wave output.  This means the power output from a pure sine wave inverter is the same as the mains supply. A pure sine wave is not only critical for the correct functioning of high end electronic equipment, it will also ensure that appliances run more smoothly, producing less heat and noise.
Pure sinewave inverter take up 12v DC from battery and inverts it to an output of 220v, 50H2 AC. It makes no noise during operation and no hazardous carbon monoxide is generated in the surrounding.   This is a feature that makes it safe to use any were when compared to generator. Also, the circuit is capable of charging the battery (i.e 12v source) when the power from the supply authority is on. This greatly reduces the cost of operation of the system. 

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
• AIM OF THE PROJECT
• OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
• DEFINITION OF TERMS
• PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO
2.0     LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1      REVIEW OF HISTORY OF AN INVERTER
2.2   REVIEW OF HOW TO CHOOSING THE RIGHT INVERTER
2.3      REVIEW OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SINE WAVE AND MODIFIED SINE WAVE   INVERTER.
2.4      REVIEW OF INVERTER CAPACITY
2.5      SAFETY OF INVERTER

CHAPTER THREE
3.0     CONSTRUCTION
3.1      BASIC DESIGNS OF AN INVERTER
3.2      BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
3.3      SYSTEM OPERATION
3.4      CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.5      CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
3.6     DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED
3.7      HOW TO CHOOSE A RIGHT INVERTER AND BATTERY
3.8      HOW TO CHOOSE THE BEST INVERTER BATTERY

CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.0      CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
4.1      CASING AND PACKAGING
4.2      ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.3      TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
4.4      COST ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE     
5.0      CONCLUSION
5.1      RECOMMENDATION
5.2      REFERENCES

 CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                        INTRODUCTION
A power inverter is a device that converts DC power (also known as direct current), to standard AC power (alternating current). Inverters are used to operate electrical equipment from the power produced by a car or boat battery or renewable energy sources, like solar panels or wind turbines. DC power is what batteries store, while AC power is what most electrical appliances need to run so an inverter is necessary to convert the power into a usable form. For example, when a cell phone is plugged into a car cigarette lighter to recharge, it supplies DC power; this must be converted to the required AC power by a power inverter to charge the phone.
In pure sine-wave, the output voltage of a sine-wave inverter has a sine wave-form like the sine wave-form of the mains / utility voltage. In a sine wave, the voltage rises and falls smoothly with a smoothly changing phase angle and also changes its polarity instantly when it crosses 0 Volts.
Pure sine wave inverters are used to operate sensitive electronic devices that require high quality waveform with little harmonic distortion. In addition, they have high surge capacity which means they are able to exceed their rated wattage for a limited time. This enables power motors to start easily which can draw up to seven times their rated wattage during start up. Virtually any electronic device will operate with the output from a pure sine wave inverter. Sine wave inverter has the following characteristics:

• High efficiency
• Low standby losses
• High surge capacity
• Low harmonic distortion

All grid tied inverters are pure sine (true sine) inverters, hence the grid, by nature, is a pure sine wave electricity source. The importance of pure sine wave or modified sine wave inverters may be apparent especially for off grid applications such as RV, boat or cabins. Off grid inverters are used for connecting a battery source or a solar PV system to an AC load such as a home applicance, a laptop charger, a TV.

1.1                                         BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
Electricity is one of the greatest inventions man has ever made, due to its very important role in socio-economic and technological development (Owen and Edward, 1996) [7]. Electricity Can be transmitted in two different ways namely: alternating currents (AC) or Direct current (DC). Alternating current is the form obtained from power outlets in homes and offtces. It consists of a sinusoidal voltage source in which a continuous change in the direction of flow of voltage (and current) can be used to employ magnetic components (Cooks et al., 2001) [1]. Direct current is electricity flowing in a constant direction, and/or possessing a voltage with constant polarity and is appropriate for short-range transmission. Direct current is the form stored up in batteries. It uses is limited and it depends on AC power (Owen and Edward, 1996) [7].
A common difference between AC and DC involves the amount of energy that each can carry. Direct current has a voltage level and cannot travel very far until it losses energy. Ac is safer to transmit over long distance (Nergaard et al., 2001) [5]. DC is preferred over AC because of its portability hence the introduction of the inverter that are mobile AC source from a portable DC battery. An inverter is an electrical device that converts DC to AC; the converted AC can be at any required voltage frequency with the use of appropriate transformers, switching and control circuits. There are three types of DC-AC inverters, the square wave, the modifted sine wave and pure sine wave.
Pure sine wave inverters are the most affluent in terms of efftciency and accurate timing output. They use batteries to generate power and it’s important to have a means of recharging (Cunningham, 1999) [3]. Various methods can be adopted such as solar panels, wind turbine etc. Pure sine wave inversion is obtained by taking a DC voltage source and switching it across a load using an H-bridge. If this voltage needs to be boosted from the DC source in the inverter, it can be accomplished either before the AC stage by using a DC-DC boost converter, or after AC stage by using a Boost transformer (Crowley and Leung, 2001) [2]. The inverted signal is composed of a pulse width-modulated signal which encodes a sine wave. The duty cycle of the output is changed such that power transmitted is exactly that of a sine wave. This output can be used as it is or, alternatively, can be ftltered easily into a pure sine wave (Nuzhat et al., 2010) [6].
This work is the design of a pure sine wave inverter, focusing on the inversion   of a DC voltage source (Gurdjian and Maxwell, 2000) [4].

1.2                                                   AIM OF THE PROJECT
The main aim of this project is to design and construct a pure sine wave single phase 6kva inverter.

1.3                                          OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
At the end of this work, students involves shall be able:

•  To produce an inverter with a waveform like that of the mains / utility voltage. In a sine wave, the voltage rises and falls smoothly with a smoothly changing phase angle and also changes its polarity instantly when it crosses 0 Volts
• To build an inverter with output power which is rated 6kva which can be powered from a 12v input source.
• Use a microcontroller as the main circuit control component hence reducing system complexity.
• To ensure that provision is made for backup supply to consumer equipment.

1.4                                           SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
i. Output voltage wave form is pure sine wave with very low harmonic distortion and clean power like utility-supplied electricity.
ii. Inductive loads like microwave ovens and motors run faster, quieter and cooler.
iii. Reduces audible and electrical noise in fans, fluorescent lights, audio amplifiers, TV, Game consoles, Fax, and answering machines.
iv. Prevents crashes in computers, weird print out, and glitches and noise in monitors.
iv. Reliably powers the following devices that will normally not work with modified sine wave inverters
1.5                                         LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
The only two points that can hinder the building of pure sine wave inverter is that:

• More expensive than Modified Sine Wave power inverters.
•  Physically larger than their Modified Sine Wave counterparts.

1.6                                       APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
The various applications of the pure sine wave  inverter are:

•  Wind/solar electrical systems,
• Back-up for power cells,
• Generator support systems,
• Remote homes,
• Telecommunications,
• Computers,
• Tools,
• Security applications,
• Mobile power,
• Boats and yachts,
• Airplane,
• Monitoring equipment,
•  Emergency power and lighting etc.

1.7                               BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT

• All equipment currently on the market is designed for use with sine waves.
• Some appliances, particularly microwaves and variable speed motors, will not produce full output if they do not use sine wave power.
• Other devices, particularly medical equipment may not function at all unless you use a pure sine wave inverter.
• A TRUE Sine Wave produces a much higher equivalent wattage compared to a modified sine wave power inverter. It is somehow believed that the more you will be using this type of inverter, the greater the variety of electrical devices and appliances you will be powering.

1.8                        IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION FOR INVERTERS

Before going into construction of an inverter, students must know the following:

OUTPUT FREQUENCY
The AC output frequency of a power inverter device is usually the same as standard power line frequency, 50 or 60 hertz If the output of the device or circuit is to be further conditioned (for example stepped up) then the frequency may be much higher for good transformer efficiency.
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
The AC output voltage of a power inverter is often regulated to be the same as the grid line voltage, typically 240 VAC, even when there are changes in the load that the inverter is driving. This allows the inverter to power numerous devices designed for standard line power.
Some inverters also allow selectable or continuously variable output voltages.
OUTPUT POWER
A power inverter will often have an overall power rating expressed in watts or kilowatts. This describes the power that will be available to the device the inverter is driving and, indirectly, the power that will be needed from the DC source. Smaller popular consumer and commercial devices designed to mimic line power typically range from 150 to 3000 watts.
Not all inverter applications are solely or primarily concerned with power delivery; in some cases the frequency and or waveform properties are used by the follow-on circuit or device.
BATTERIES
The runtime of an inverter is dependent on the battery power and the amount of power being drawn from the inverter at a given time. As the amount of equipment using the inverter increases, the runtime will decrease. In order to prolong the runtime of an inverter, additional batteries can be added to the inverter.
When attempting to add more batteries to an inverter, there are two basic options for installation: Series Configuration and Parallel Configuration.
Series configuration
If the goal is to increase the overall voltage of the inverter, one can daisy chain batteries in a Series Configuration. In a Series Configuration, if a single battery dies, the other batteries will not be able to power the load.
Parallel configuration
If the goal is to increase capacity and prolong the runtime of the inverter, batteries can be connected in parallel. This increases the overall Ampere-hour(Ah) rating of the battery set.
If a single battery is discharged though, the other batteries will then discharge through it. This can lead to rapid discharge of the entire pack, or even an over-current and possible fire. To avoid this, large paralleled batteries may be connected via diodes or intelligent monitoring with automatic switching to isolate an under-voltage battery from the others.

1.9                                                  DEFINITION OF TERMS
i.        UTILITY-SCALE PV PLANT: It is a installation that is ground-mounted. The plant owner sells energy directly to the electric utility. The interconnection occurs on medium or high voltage level
ii.       UTILITY-SCALE INVERTER: Inverter which is used in an Utility-scale installation

• MAXIMUM INPUT VOLTAGE (VDCMAX): allowed maximum voltage at the inverter input
• MINIMUM INPUT VOLTAGE (VDCMIN): minimum input voltage for the inverter to energize the utility grid, independent of mode of operation
• START-UP INPUT VOLTAGE (VDCSTART): input voltage at which the inverter starts energizing the utility grid rated input voltage (Vdc,r) input voltage specified by the manufacturer, to which other data sheet information refers
• MAXIMUM MPP VOLTAGE (VMPPMAX): maximum voltage at which the inverter can deliver its rated power
• MINIMUM MPP VOLTAGE (VMPPMIN): minimum voltage at which the inverter can deliver its rated power
• MAXIMUM INPUT CURRENT (IDCMAX): maximum current at which the inverter can operate. If the inverter has multiple MPP inputs, Idcmax is related to each single input
• MAXIMUM GRID VOLTAGE (VACMAX): maximum voltage at which the inverter can energize the grid.
• RATED POWER (PAC,R): the active power the inverter can deliver in continuous operation
• RATED FREQUENCY (FR): utility grid frequency at which the inverter performs as specified
• MAXIMUM FREQUENCY (FMAX): maximum frequency at which the inverter can energize the grid.
• MINIMUM FREQUENCY (FMIN): minimum frequency at which the inverter can energize the grid.
• NIGHT-TIME POWER LOSS: power loss of the inverter, which is supplied from the public grid, when no solar generator power is present.
• INVERTER: electric energy converter that changes direct electric current to single-phase or polyphase alternating current.
• INVERTER BACKFEED CURRENT: the maximum current that can be impressed onto the PV array and its wiring from the inverter, under normal or single fault conditions.

1.10                                      PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to this study. In this chapter, the background, significance, scope, objective, the need (benefit),  limitation and problem, advantages of this work was discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of the study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.

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CHAPTER TWO: The complete chapter two of “design and construction of a 6 kva pure sinewave power inverter system” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of “design and construction of a 6 kva pure sinewave power inverter system” consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on “design and construction of a 6 kva pure sinewave power inverter system” was reviewed.

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of “design and construction of a 6 kva pure sinewave power inverter system” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of “design and construction of a 6 kva pure sinewave power inverter system” consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of “design and construction of a 6 kva pure sinewave power inverter system” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of “design and construction of a 6 kva pure sinewave power inverter system” consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a “design and construction of a 6 kva pure sinewave power inverter system” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of “design and construction of a 6 kva pure sinewave power inverter system” consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

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