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BY

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--/H2013/01430
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SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---

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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "design and construction of a battery low voltage alarm system" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.

By
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Signature……………….                           Signature……………….        

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.

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Sometimes there is nothing worse than losing all the charges on our device especially when you are in the middle of something very important. Usually this happens at the most inconvenient time probably when you are using device that have no low battery indicator. A low battery alarm system is used to indicate when a device’s battery is running empty. When the battery is low or dead, the system will start beeping to alert the user that it needs to be replaced. If your battery is low, it will either need to be disconnected or replaced. The main aim of this work is to design a device that performs this function.

TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• AIM OF THE PROJECT
• PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
• APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT
• LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
• METHODOLOGY
• PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1      OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
2.2      CHARGING AND DISCHARGING OF BATTERIES
2.3     REVIEW OF RECHARGEABLE BATTERY
2.4      REVIEW OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF RECHARGEABLE BATTERY

CHAPTER THREE
DESIGN METHODODLOGY
3.1      SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
3.2      SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.3      SYSTEM OPERATION
3.4      COMPONENTS LIST
3.5      DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR COMPONENTS USED

CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT ANALYSIS

• CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE
• TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
• ASSEMBLING
• DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED ON THE SYSTEM

CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
5.2      RECOMMENDATION        
5.2      REFERENCES

 

CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION
1.1                                           BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Each battery consists of a negative electrode (anode) that holds charged ions, a positive electrode (cathode) that holds discharged ions, an electrolyte that allows ions to move from anode to cathode during discharge (and return during recharge) and terminals that allow current to flow out of the battery to perform work.
Batteries are either primary (single-use or "disposable") that are used once and discarded or secondary (rechargeable batteries) that are discharged and recharged multiple times.
A battery, which is actually an electric cell, is a device that produces electricity from a chemical reaction. Strictly speaking, a battery consists of two or more cells connected in series or parallel, but the term is generally used for a single cell. A cell consists of a negative electrode; an electrolyte, which conducts ions; a separator, also an ion conductor; and a positive electrode. The electrolyte may be aqueous (composed of water) or non-aqueous (not composed of water), in liquid, paste, or solid form. When the cell is connected to an external load, or device to be powered, the negative electrode supplies a current of electrons that flow through the load and are accepted by the positive electrode. When the external load is removed the reaction ceases.
A primary battery is one that can convert its chemicals into electricity only once and then must be discarded. A secondary battery has electrodes that can be reconstituted by passing electricity back through it; also called a storage or rechargeable battery, it can be reused many times.
Batteries are made from many materials including various metals, carbon, polymers and even air. The most common are lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium ion batteries used for portable electronics. Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power for telephone exchanges and computer centres.
For making the batteries to last longer require care of them, one of the main factors that weaken the rechargeable batteries is deep discharging them. Every time a battery gets completely discharge its efficiency decreases to some extent and continuously deep discharging damages the battery very early. For making your rechargeable batteries last longer requires to not letting them completely discharge.
A very useful circuit shown in this work will do this job very efficiently by alarming when your battery has come to a certain voltage level, for example a 12V lead acid battery shows 11.6 when it is 90% empty which is the aim of the work.

1.2                                   PROBLEM STATEMENT
Smart gadget users (like smart phone and battery chargers) much more often than the users of conventional gadgets face the problem of low battery. Empty battery causes inconvenience, especially when it is needed the most. This prevents the users from efficient use of their devices.
Low battery alarm system allows you to simply and effectively solve this problem, reminding you with a sound signal to charge your device at the right time.

1.3                                    AIM OF THE PROJECT
The main aim of this work is to build a compact Battery protection device for 12V battery voltage monitoring, with buzzer and LED alarm. When battery drops below set voltage, the buzzer beeps and the LED lights; when the battery voltage rises above the set value, the alarm resets.
1.4                                              PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of the low battery alarm system is to protect devices using the battery from damage and at the same time prolong the life of the battery.

1.5                                          APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
You can use this low battery alarm circuit with your inverter or with your car battery; it will give you indication about your battery status. So before one’s battery dies you can recharge it.

In Automobiles

Some automobiles are fitted with a battery condition meter to monitor the starter battery. This meter is, essentially, a voltmeter but it may also be marked with coloured zones for easy visualization.
Many newer cars no longer offer voltmeters or ammeters; instead, these vehicles typically have a light with the outline of an automotive battery on it. This can be somewhat misleading as it may be confused for an indicator of a bad battery when in reality it indicates a problem with the vehicle's charging system.
Alternatively, an ammeter may be fitted. This indicates whether the battery is being charged or discharged. In the picture on the right, the ammeter is marked "Alternator" and the symbols are "C" (charge) and "D" (discharge). Click on the picture to enlarge it.
Both ammeters and voltmeters individually or together can be used to assess the operating state of an automobile battery and charging system.

In Electronic devices

A battery indicator is a feature of many electronic devices. In mobile phones, the battery indicator usually takes the form of a bar graph - the more bars that are showing, the better the battery's state of charge.

In Computers

Computers may give a signal to users that an internal standby battery needs replacement. Portable computers using rechargeable batteries generally give the user some indication of the remaining operating time left on the battery. A Smart Battery System uses a controller integrated with an interchangeable battery pack to provide a more accurate indication of the state of battery charge.
This device can also be used in the following places:

• Telecommunications
• CATV / Broadband
•  Mission Critical Facilities
• UPS Systems
• Financial Institutions
• Mining
• Transportation Operations
• Hospitals
• Emergency Lighting
• Call Centers
• Battery Suppliers and Manufacturers.
• Battery Service Groups
• Medical/Biotechnology. All for the purpose of knowing the voltages of their devices.

1.6                                           LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
1. This device can only indicate voltage from 1.5v to 24v.
2. It indicate voltage level via LEDs
3. The operating voltage of this IC is 3v to 25v DC.

1.7                                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
Low Voltage Monitor is a simplistic and inexpensive battery monitoring system designed to monitor battery string voltage for under voltage conditions. This Battery Voltage Monitor is used in 12v applications. Monitoring for battery string voltage will provide critical battery cell protection and ensure the longevity of the battery system. Under voltage causes irreversible battery damage if left uncorrected. Measuring battery voltage with this device will allow the user to determine when to charge their batteries.

1.8                                          ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT
The main advantage of this work is that the low battery warning sound easily attracts attention, so there is no need for continuous regular monitoring of the battery indicator. It has other advantages such as:

• It is portable
• High reliability and durability
• Simple installation

1.9                                           LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

• This device can only indicate voltage of 12v battery.
•  It indicate voltage level via LEDs and buzzer
• The operating voltage of this IC is 3v to 25v DC
• It has measuring probe which is labeled black ( –ve) and red (+ve)

1.10                                       METHODOLOGY
To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:

• Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
• Draw a block diagram.
• Test for continuity of components and devices,
• Design of the device was carried out.
• Studying of various component used in circuit.
• Construction of the circuit was carried out. The construction of this project includes the placing of components on Vero boards, soldering and connection of components,
• Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.

1.11                                                  PLAN OF THE STUDY
This project work is basically divided into five (5) chapters:
CHAPTER ONE: Takes on the introduction of the subject matter. If consists of the super significance and definition of terms of the study.
CHAPTER TWO: This is the literature review this entails the works that had been done on this particular topic which was done by other researchers.
CHAPTER THREE: Will talk about the Methodist that the researcher adopted in getting necessary materials or information that will facilitate the success of the research work.
CHAPTER FOUR: Explain how the researcher was able to analysis and present the data he got for his work in the chapter:
CHAPTER FIVE: Brings everything to conclusion the researcher does his summary and give necessary recommendation where needed.

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CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design and construction of a battery low voltage alarm system" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and construction of a battery low voltage alarm system" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "design and construction of a battery low voltage alarm system" was reviewed.

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and construction of a battery low voltage alarm system" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and construction of a battery low voltage alarm system" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and construction of a battery low voltage alarm system" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and construction of a battery low voltage alarm system" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "design and construction of a battery low voltage alarm system" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and construction of a battery low voltage alarm system" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

 

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