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TITLE PAGE
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A DIGITAL REAL TIME CLOCK
BY
---
--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "design and construction of a digital real time clock" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
--- . ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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Digital clock is a type of clock that displays the time digitally (i.e. in numerals), as opposed to an analog clock, where the time is indicated by the positions of rotating hands.
Digital clocks are often associated with electronic drives, but the "digital" description refers only to the display, not to the drive mechanism.
The aim of this work is to design a digital real time clock which is also known as computer clock. Digital real time clock counts hours, minutes, seconds, months, days and even years. RTCs can be found running in personal computers, embedded systems and servers, and are present in any electronic device that may require accurate time keeping. Being able to still function even when the computer is powered down through a battery or independently from the system’s main power is fundamental.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
- AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
- REVIEW OF THE STUDY
- POWER SOURCE OF RTC
- TIMING OF REAL TIME CLOCK
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF REAL TIME CLOCK
- REVIEW OF DIGITAL CLOCK
- THE HISTORITICAL BACKGROUND OF THE DIGITAL CLOCK
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
- INTRODUCTION
- SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
- SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
- CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
- PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
CHAPTER FOUR
- .0 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING ANALYSIS
- CASING AND PACKAGING
- ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
- TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
- INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLETED DESIGN
- COST ANALYSIS
- DESCRIPTION OF SOME MAJOR COMPONENTS USED
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- RECOMMENDATION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Digital clock is very useful projects for final year students. It has an Inbuilt Real Time Clock which tracks over the Real Time. It displays the time in hh:mms format. The time and date can be changed at any Time using the button. The Real Time Clock is displayed on LCD display.
The purpose of an RTC or a real time clock is to provide precise time and date which can be used for various applications. RTC is an electronic device in the form of an Integrated Chip (IC) available in various packaging options. It is powered by an internal lithium battery. As a result of which even if the power of the system is turned off, the RTC clock keeps running.
It plays a very important role in the real time systems like digital clock, attendance system, digital camera etc. In applications where time stamp is needed, RTC is a good option. Using RTC for designing such application has always been a good designer’s choice although the beginning might be a bit difficult.
While designing any real time system which deals with time, there are two ways of handling the time factor. One is to generate the time internally which is done by programming the timers of the controller; and the other is to use an RTC. The following table shows the comparison of these methods while designing a real time application.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The first clock that was invented was analogue clock which has no other features apart from time and it also consumes higher power and stops working as soon as the power battery is removed. These disadvantages also happen in our digital clocks – their time is reset or stopped as soon as the system power battery or source is removed. However, digital real time clock came to overcome these problems. Digital real time clock counts hours, minutes, seconds, months, days and even years digitally. RTCs can be found running in personal computers, embedded systems and servers, and are present in any electronic device that may require accurate time keeping. Being able to still function even when the computer is powered down through a battery or independently from the system’s main power is fundamental.
1.3 AIM OF THE PROJECT
The objective of this project is to construct a device that will display the time in seconds, minutes and hours, even date. The time and date can be set using the button.
1.4 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of an RTC or a real time clock is to provide precise time and date which can be used for various applications.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
You truly cannot be an organized human being unless you use a good timing system! And if you’re still someone who likes to keep all of their appointments, activities - I highly encourage you to consider tossing out the paper and find an electronic clock system that works for you.
One of the most beautiful things about digital clock is that they can be synced, so you can have your clock on your smart phone, your tablet, your laptop, as well as it can sync to your husband’s electronic clock and your kids’ clock. So no matter where you are- you can easily look up and see what your current appointments are for any given day. And the important people in your life can know the latest schedule and commitments too- without coming home and consulting the kitchen wall.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- Even if there is power failure, this clock displays the right time using an inverter.
- Simplicity of the system.
- Accuracy of the system.
- RTC ICs have proved to be more precise than other methods — like programming the timer of the controller.
- It frees the main system from time-critical tasks.
- It has low power consumption and improved frequency stability.
1.7 APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT
Because digital real time clock is very small and inexpensive devices that enhance the popularity of product designs, they are often incorporated into all kinds of devices such as
i. Cars
ii. Radios
iii.Televisions
iv. personal computers,
v. alarm clock
vi. embedded systems and servers
1.8 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
Digital real time clock counts hours, minutes, seconds, months, days and even years digitally. RTCs accurately keep time, even when the device is powered off because, it is often used as a trigger for turning the device on or triggering events such as alarm clocks. RTC ICs run on an alternate power source, which allows it to continually operate under low power or even when the computer is turned off. ICs on older systems utilize lithium batteries, whereas newer systems make use of auxiliary batteries or supercapacitors. RTC ICs that use supercapacitors are rechargeable and can be soldered. But in most consumer-grade motherboards, the RTC is powered by a single battery that, when removed, resets the RTC to its starting point.
RTC ICs regulate time with the use of a crystal oscillator and do not rely on clock signals like most hardware clocks. Aside from being responsible for the timing function of the system and its clock, RTC ICs ensure that all processes occurring in the system are appropriately synchronized. Although some may argue that this is a job for the system clock, the system clock is actually dependent on the RTC, making the RTC indirectly responsible for synchronization.
An RTC battery should last for three to five years or more. RTCs are essential; if the battery fails, it must be replaced to ensure continued operation. A dead battery can be diagnosed with an error message at startup or if the user finds that the clock or the setup configuration has become corrupted, flaky or odd.
1.9 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to a digital clock. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of a digital clock were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of a digital clock. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design and construction of a digital real time clock" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and construction of a digital real time clock" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "design and construction of a digital real time clock" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and construction of a digital real time clock" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and construction of a digital real time clock" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and construction of a digital real time clock" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and construction of a digital real time clock" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a "design and construction of a digital real time clock" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and construction of a digital real time clock" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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