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TITLE PAGE

 

BY

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--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---

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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work ''design and construction of a digital school bell using microcontroller and timetable display'' by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.

By
---                                                     . ---
Supervisor                                                  Head of Department.
Signature……………….                           Signature……………….        

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External Invigilator

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.

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Now aday’smany school/collegebellsare manually operated.Hencethereisahugedemandofaccuracy. In market there are many digital clocks available with bells but rings only at specific time and cannot stopafterspecifictime.Hereanewandinexpensivedesignisbeingpresented.Thebenefitofthisdesignisthatthebellringsat the start of each period without any human intervention to a great degree of accuracyand hence takes over the manualtask of switching on/off the college bell with respect to time. It uses RealTime Clock (DS1307) which tracks the realtime. The scheduled time results are related with that of aclock, conversely, some drift is noticed, which is irrelevant.The microcontroller ATmega2560 is used to controlall the functions, it gets the time through the keypad and stores it inits memory. When this programmedtime equals the real time then the bell is switched on via a relay for a predeterminedtime. The bell ringingtime can be edited at any time, so that it can be reused again and again at normal class timings aswellasatexamtimes.Alsoitcanbemadepasswordprotectedsothatnounintendedpersoncanoperatethissystemexceptfortheoperator .ForthisamicrocontrollerhastobeprogrammedusingtheClanguageorassemblylanguageforcontrollingthecircuit.
KEYWORDS:DS1307RTC,Relay,ATmega2560Microcontroller,&LCD

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0      INTRODUCTION
1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT
• APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
• PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

• OVERVIEW OF SCHOOL BELL
• REVIEW OF BELL RINGER
• HISTORICAL BACKCKGOUND OF SCHOOL BELL
• DESCRIPTION OF TIME MANAGEMENT
• THE IMPORTANCE OF TIME MANAGEMENT IN LECTURE
• REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

CHAPTER THREE
3.0     METHODOLOGY
3.1      SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
3.2      SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
3.3      CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.4      HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
3.5      SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
3.6      POWER SUPPLY UNIT
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0      TESTING AND RESULTS

• CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
• INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLET DESIGN 
• ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
• TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
• RESULT AND DISCUSSION

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION
• RECOMMENDATION
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1                                             background of the study

In today’s life, everyone gives importance to time.Time does not wait for anybody. Everythingshould be performed intime and with accuracy.Now a day’s school/college bells are operatedmanually. Hence there is a big question ofaccuracy.Also there is necessity of manpower andmoney.Hence here we have presented a system,which saves our manpowerand money and alsogive highest accuracy. A bell is a percussioninstrument used in schools and colleges thatindicates thestudents when it is time to go to theclass in the morning and when it is time to changeclasses during the day. No otherinstrument can dosuch a work. So it is an important instrument inboth primary and secondary schools and even intheindustries and other businesses where the belltimer plays a critical role throughout the day.Clock towers can be heardover long distancewhich was especially important in the time whenclocks were too expensive for widespread use.Andalso due to literacy awareness the number ofcolleges, schools and institutions are rapidlyincreasing. At present bells forperiods in schoolsare operated manually. After every class, oneemployee is engaged into operating the bell.Automaticcollege bell helps us to avoid this. Thisdesign takes over the task of ringing the bell incolleges as the bell would ringautomatically atthe schedule time. It has a Real Time Clock(DS1307) which tracks overthe real time. When this timeequals to the bellringing time, then the relay for the bell is switchedon. The real time clock is displayed on LCDdisplay.Thisisverywonderfuldesigntocontroltheworkingofcollegebell.
1.2    Problem Statement
School bells have been a critical part of all our childhoods which is managed, monitored, timed and always ringed by human being. As a result of the human beings’ control timing, monitoring and ringing can be wrong-timed. But with the advent of technology as many things have been digitalized the school bell has experienced technological advanced. Digital school timetable was built to overcome the challenges seen in our conventional school bell by providing the following functions:

• Storing entire day timetable with timings
• Sounding buzzer at the end of every period
• Displaying the name of current and next period
• Ability to reprogram the board at any time

1.3      Aim and objectives of the study
The main aim of this work is to build a digital school bell using microcontroller and timetable display. The objectives of the project are:

• To build the system prototype.
• To Store entire day timetable with timings
• To ring the school at the right time

1.4      Scope of the study
The scope of this work covers building a digital school bell and schedule time display system using microcontroller using Inbuilt Real Time Clock (DS1307 /DS 12C887) which tracks over the Real Time. When this timeequals to the Bell Ringing time, then the Relay for the Bell is switched on. The Bell Ringing time can be edited at anyTime. The microcontrollerwasprogrammedusingtheClanguageorassembly languageforcontrollingthecircuit.
1.5      Advantages of the Project
i. It is an automation system.
ii. Human errors can be avoided.
iii. Safety is assured.
1.6      Applications of the project
i. It is used in colleges, schools.
ii. Also used in industries.
ii. In railway station and airport.
iv. Digital watches, washing machine, oven.
1.7 Project Organization

The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuss the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.

CHAPTER FIVE
5.1                                             Conclusions
Overall, the field of metaproteomics is gaining momentum at an exponential rate within very diverse environments. An overview of selected studies from the ecosystems has been discussed. Advances in metaproteomics finally allow for the consideration of the integration of such data in system approaches. This was partly achieved in the aquatic environment where Lauro et al. (2011) combined metaproteomic and physicochemical data to describe the interaction between the microbial populations defining the biogeochemical cycles throughout a water column. Such an approach could feasibly be transferred to other environmental ecosystems. To date, the application of complex system approaches is still scarce and requires a coordinated experimental design that brings together expertise from each of the many technologies involved.
The technical limitations encountered throughout the metaproteomic workflow have, for the most part, been addressed in the ecosystems discussed in this work. However, it should be kept in mind that an exhaustive investigation of the entire metaproteome is unlikely due to the unfeasibility of developing a universal protein analysis protocol. Furthermore, it must be considered that a metaproteome may include intracellular, extracellular and membrane-bound proteins, and ideally, the three protein fractions should be analysed for each sample. When possible, opting for gel-free protein fractionation seems to lead to a higher level of protein identification when compared with gel-based methods. For example, when analysing the metaproteome of activated sludge, the use of 2-DGE resulted in the identification of 38 proteins, while the 2D-nano-LC method led to the identification of 5029 proteins (Williams et al. (2010)). In addition, it is now apparent that metaproteomic approaches benefit from the availability of relevant metagenomic data, either matched or unmatched. As a result of this combined protocol, a new difficulty is encountered regarding the analysis and interpretation of the vast quantity of data generated. A major hurdle in the utilization of metagenomic data, impacting directly on metaproteomics, has been recognized as the assembly and the annotation of the collected genomic fragments.
5.2     RECOMMENDATION

Future metaproteomic studies should aim to progress from proof of concept approaches to experimental designs leading to practical applications. For example, metaproteomic comparisons between healthy and diseased states within the human microbiome have yet to be carried out. Additionally, comparative in situ bioremediation investigations will need to be conducted to access the functional response of the natural mixed microbial communities to common pollutants. Furthermore, when investigating bioremediation processes, pollutants should be systematically monitored throughout the trials, to clarify the contaminant degradation status as a function of time. This in turn should allow for the proper assessment of the degrading abilities of the microbial communities investigated.

To conclude, the feasibility of metaproteomic studies has been successfully demonstrated in very diverse natural and engineered environments. However, only few studies to date employed this strategy to answer specific biological questions such as how complex communities define the biology of a given ecosystem (Mueller et al., 2010; Lauro et al., 2011), and it is now critical to move metaproteomics forward in order for this technology to achieve its full potential. To this end, future studies must be designed with an aim towards gaining some understanding of ecological concepts, and the data generated must be adequately analysed. In addition, attempts should be made to integrate such data in the context of system approaches to allow for the prediction of functional responses to environmental stimuli.

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CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of ''design and construction of a digital school bell using microcontroller and timetable display'' is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of ''design and construction of a digital school bell using microcontroller and timetable display'' consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on ''design and construction of a digital school bell using microcontroller and timetable display'' was reviewed.

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of ''design and construction of a digital school bell using microcontroller and timetable display'' is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of ''design and construction of a digital school bell using microcontroller and timetable display'' detector consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of ''design and construction of a digital school bell using microcontroller and timetable display'' is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of ''design and construction of a digital school bell using microcontroller and timetable display'' detector consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of ''design and construction of a digital school bell using microcontroller and timetable display'' is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of ''design and construction of a digital school bell using microcontroller and timetable display'' detector consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

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