DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A DIGITAL SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER WITH TWO USB PORT
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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This project is titled the design and construction of a digital solar battery charger with two USB ports. It is designed to meet up with the higher demand of power supply needed to keep our battery charged.
Solar battery charger converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. It does this by the use of solar panel which is a form of photoelectric cell (in that its electrical characteristics-- e.g. current, voltage, or resistance vary when light is incident upon it) which, when exposed to light, can generate and support an electric current without being attached to any external voltage source.
This work is aimed at constructing a digital solar battery charger with two 5v USB port for out charging of phones which receives 15v dc from the solar panel and convert it to the level that can be safe to the solar battery – likely 13.6v.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
- Background of the project/study
-
Statement of the problem
- Aim and objectives
- Scope of study/project
- Methodology
- Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Brief outline of the chapter
2.2 Historical background of the project/study
2.3 Theories, concepts relevant to the research
2.4 Related works
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Brief outline of the chapter
3.2 Research design (for case studies or analytical works, instrument of study should be stated here)
3.3 Block diagram design of the project
3.4 Determination of components values
CHAPTER FOUR
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
4.1 Brief outline of the chapter
4.2 Explanation of various units of the circuit diagram.
4.3 Principle of operation
CHAPTER FIVE
CONSTRUCTION, TESTING AND RESULTS OF THE DESIGNED PROJECT
5.1 Brief outline of the chapter
5.2 Choice of materials
5.3 Construction of the project
5.4 Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation
5.5 Testing and results
5.5.1 Testing
5.5.2 Results
CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Conclusion
6.2 Recommendation
6.3 Contribution to knowledge
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the project/study
Given the current energy crisis and increasing need for sustainable energy, we endeavored to create a cost-effective, small-scale electrical generator which could be used to power consumer electronics. Solar energy has proven its worth as an alternative energy source because it is low-impact and emission-free. It has been implemented with much success for power grids with hundreds of acres of enormous solar concentrators. In the small-scale, solar energy has been harvested through the use of photovoltaic (PV) panels and have been used to power anything from an iPod to a residential home (Perlin, 2014). Although PV systems are considered part of the green energy revolution, materials utilized for its construction (like silicon) are extremely dangerous to the environment and much care must be taken to ensure that they are recycled properly. PV cells also only utilize the energy stored in specific wavelengths of light and therefore have an approximate efficiency between 14-19%. Sunlight, however, produces immense amounts of heat which only serves to heat up the surface of the solar cell. Although there are some PV cells that have reached efficiency levels over 40% (world record is 41.6%), they are enormously complex and expensive (Perlin, 2014). Concentrated solar power (CSP) works differently because it focuses solar energy in its entirety rather than absorb it. Ultimately, our group will be designing and producing a digital solar powered battery charger with two 5v USB port.
A digital solar battery charger is a digital device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect which receives 15v dc from the solar panel and convert it to the level that can be safe to charge solar battery – likely 13.6v and at the same time charge two phones.
1.2 Statement of the problem
Sometimes there is nothing worse than losing all the charges on your solar battery or cell phone especially when you are in the middle of something very important. Usually this happens at the most inconvenient time probably when you are using your home appliances or cell phone to surf the web, in the middle of a browsing or when you are desperate to send an important email or text message. For those who depend largely on their devices, not having enough power for the battery can be a major catastrophe. How else will people reach you or how will you call/text people for business or personal reasons when your cell phone is basically useless as it has gone off on you? Using conventional charger to charge all these devices can only led to charging the device but will not be able to display the charging process and voltage level of the batteries. All these are problem to our present time, to bring this problem to an end, digital solar battery charger with two USB port was introduced which is a portable device that can supply power solar battery and at the same time charge phones.
- Aim and objectives
The main aim of this work is to build a digital solar battery charger with two USB port. The objectives of the study are:
- To build the prototype of the device using microcontroller.
- To provide efficiency, steadiness in the use of power appliances, by ensuring continuous availability of power supply in the cause of main outage during an execution of an important or urgent assignment.
- To reduce carbon discharges and subsequently reduce global warming
1.4 Expected contribution to knowledge
This device that will help keep some battery-powered appliances service by providing you with a portable personal charging system. To provide constant electricity supply or those on the go with portable solar power charging systems (with or without battery) to power their battery-powered appliances to enable them work for the purpose they are been made.
1.5 Scope of study/project
The scope of this work covers building a digital solar battery charger with two 5v USB port for out charging of phones which receives 15v dc from the solar panel and convert it to the level that can be safe to the solar batteries – likely 13.6v
1.6 Methodology
Methodology
The research work was started with problem identification, which is followed by defining the objectives, significance and scope/limitation of the study shall be discussed.
The research has then proceeded by introducing in full and related literatures were reviewed using magazines, books, journals, internet etc. In parallel with literature review, an in-depth desk study shall be conducted with respect to the subject matter
The chapter three shall discuss the method that can be used in design and implementation. Chapter four shall analyze the result generated with respect to the study method used.
Finally, conclusion and recommendation shall be drafted base on the proposed study.
1.7 Definition of terms
Below are terms that are frequently used in this work and their definitions:
Battery: a container consisting of one or more cells, in which chemical energy is converted into electricity and used as a source of power.
Charger: a device for charging a battery or battery-powered equipment.
Capacitor - a charge storage device made up of two metallic plates separated by a dielectric, with equal but opposite charges. The AC impedance of a Capacitor is (1 / jWL) and acts as an open circuit in DC applications.
Circuit - a complete path that allows electrical current from one terminal of a voltage source to the other terminal.
Alternating (AC) Current - currents that have a harmonic time dependence.
Ampere (A) - the unit of measurement for electrical current in coulombs per second.
CHAPTER FIVE
CONSTRUCTION, TESTING AND RESULTS OF THE DESIGNED PROJECT
5.1 Brief outline of the chapter
This chapter covers, choice of materials, construction of the project, bill of engineering measurement and evaluation and testing and results.
5.2 Choice of materials
The choice of materials for the project was considerations based on costs, material performance, availability and impact on the environment. We selected materials used based the one in the market, and fortunately all the materials listed in the circuit were all available at the market and they are also affordable.
5.3 Construction of the project
The circuit diagram of the project is as shown below:
PCB layout
Fig.4 provide the precise single-side PCB layout for the PIC16F877A microcontroller-based solar charger and its complete component layout respectively. It is strongly recommended to perform the assembling process on a PCB to avoid time and assembly errors to some extent. However, one must be extra careful during assembling the components, and overlooked errors must be double-checked. To eradicate possible damage to the IC during assembling, an IC base is used. To ensure safety before placing the IC, the supply voltage (5V) is checked at test point TP1 as shown in fig.
Fig. 3. PCB layout
5.4 Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation
The expenditure made in purchasing all the components / materials and quantity used in building this project are shown below:
S/N |
DESCRIPTION |
QUANTITY |
UNIT PRICE (N) |
COST (N) |
REMARK |
1 |
Resistors |
4 |
20 |
80 |
|
2 |
Variable resistors |
1 |
50 |
50 |
|
3 |
Vero Board |
1 |
400 |
400 |
|
4 |
BATTERY |
1 |
10000 |
10000 |
12v |
5 |
LCD |
1 |
5000 |
5000 |
|
6 |
CONNECTING WIRE |
6YARDS |
100 |
600 |
|
7 |
SWITCH |
2 |
300 |
600 |
|
8 |
Battery connector |
2 |
4000 |
4000 |
|
9 |
capacitors |
3 |
150 |
450 |
|
10 |
diodes |
2 |
50 |
100 |
IN4007 |
11 |
PIC16F877A |
1 |
5000 |
5000 |
|
12 |
7805 |
1 |
200 |
200 |
|
13 |
BC548 |
1 |
100 |
100 |
|
14 |
Push-to-on Tactile Switch |
1 |
300 |
300 |
|
15 |
4 MHz Crystal |
1 |
500 |
500 |
|
16 |
USB module |
1 |
2000 |
2000 |
|
16 |
12v relay |
1 |
200 |
200 |
|
17 |
Solar panel |
1 |
20000 |
20000 |
40w |
18 |
Casing |
1 |
2000 |
2000 |
|
19 |
LOCAL TRANSPORT |
|
|
6000 |
|
20 |
MISCELLONOUS |
|
|
6000 |
|
21 |
LABOUR |
|
|
4000 |
|
TATAL |
|||||
5.5 Testing and results
In this stage, the system was due for testing and operation. The system operation was tested where all its required performance was maintained.
Battery voltage
Disconnect the battery used in the project. Then apply 20V at the input point of IC2 (7805) concerning the ground. At pin 2 of IC1 (PIC16F877), check on the voltage value using a multimeter. After that necessary adjustment to the circuit is done by varying the preset VR1 to get 5V. Again, a voltage test at pin 4 of IC1 (PIC16F877) is done to ensure that the voltage at that point is 5V. When the batteries are connected back to the system, the voltage value at pin 2 of IC1 (PIC16F877) must be approximately 3V.
Solar voltage
Confiscate the solar panel from the circuit. A 12V battery is connected at a positive terminal of solar concerning the ground and then the voltage level at pin 4 of IC1 (PIC16F877) is monitored. Now, the preset VR2 is adjusted to get 3V. At pin 7 of IC1 (PIC16F877), we can check if the relay RL1 is enabled or not.
After all these calibration steps, the ‘Microcontroller Based Solar Charger’ circuit is ready to be implanted. The circuit generates solar power and that value is calculated and displayed on LCD in watts per second. To get the energy in terms of watts-second, the power is integrated.
Result
The circuit ‘Microcontroller Based Solar Charger’ firstly detects the voltage on the solar panel, if the voltage exceeds 12.6 volts, then then it will be regulated to the required voltage. And, if the voltage readings fall below 12.6 volts, a piece of information; “Low Solar Volts” is displayed on the LCD module and it repeats itself unless the voltage becomes greater than the defined voltage i.e. 12.6V.
In the second stage, the battery voltage is monitored, and depending on the results, the charging mode; boost or trickle mode is decided. As, stated earlier, for battery voltage exceeding 12V, trickle mode is activated and for below 12V, boost mode is triggered. In the early hours, the watt-hour reading from EEPROM is also read, which provides an approximation of the power acquired from the sun.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of"design and construction of a digital solar battery charger with two usb port"is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of"design and construction of a digital solar battery charger with two usb port"consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on"design and construction of a digital solar battery charger with two usb port"was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of"design and construction of a digital solar battery charger with two usb port"is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of"design and construction of a digital solar battery charger with two usb port"consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of"design and construction of a digital solar battery charger with two usb port"is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of"design and construction of a digital solar battery charger with two usb port" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of"design and construction of a digital solar battery charger with two usb port" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of"design and construction of a digital solar battery charger with two usb port" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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