DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
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This is to certify that the research work, "design and construction of a fire alarm system" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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This project is titled design and construction of an automatic fire alarm. Fire alarm is an electronics device that is stored in a building to detect the presence of fire accident. An automatic fire alarm system is designed to detect the unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion. In general, a fire alarm system is classified as either automatically actuated, manually actuated, or both. Automatic fire alarm systems are intended to notify the building occupants to evacuate in the event of a fire or other emergency, report the event to an off-premises location in order to summon emergency services, and to prepare the structure and associated systems to control the spread of fire and smoke.
This fire alarm system composes of light dependent resistor (LDR) which works as a smoke sensor. Light dependent resistor is a type of resistor with high resistance in the presence of light and which reduces in its resistance when smoke passes through the surface.
The aim of this project is to design and construct a fire alarm for a building that will detect the presence of fire accident in a building.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM OF THE PROJECT
- OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM OF THE PROJECT
- APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
- LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- REVIEW OF SMOKE DETECTOR
- REVIEW OF TYPES OF FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
- REVIEW OF FIRE ALARM DESIGN
- REVIEW OF FIRE ALARM INITIATING DEVICES
- FIRE ALARM NOTIFICATION APPLIANCES
- PARTS OF FIRE ALARM
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.3 CIRCUIT OPERATION AND DESCRIPTION
3.4 POWER SUPPLY UNIT
3.5 PARTS LIST
3.6 DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR COMPONENTS USED
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 TESTING AND RESULTS
- CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
- INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLET DESIGN
- ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
- TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- RECOMMENDATION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In modern society, it is impossible to imagine house or building without a fire accident detector. Modern houses require a continuous installation of fire detector. Not only industry, but also in the household. Take the case of a duplex that experience a fire accident without a detector that means everything in that building will get burnt even human beings. But in a case whereby fire alarm is installed that means every one in that building will be alerted and also fire security bodies will also be informed for quick security action. The same thing can also happen to our offices and industries. In order to notify residence of any building in the presence of fire accident, a fire alarm system is used [2].
An automatic fire alarm system is designed to detect the unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion. In general, a fire alarm system is classified as either automatically actuated, manually actuated, or both. Automatic fire alarm systems are intended to notify the building occupants to evacuate in the event of a fire or other emergency, report the event to an off-premises location in order to summon emergency services, and to prepare the structure and associated systems to control the spread of fire and smoke [1][2].
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The Nigerian environment is considered to be hazards prone brought about by man-made and natural disasters due to its geographic circumstance which is exposed to catastrophic, floods droughts and fires. Based on the reports; devastations of these natural hazards and disasters including fires have increased in recent years. Our lifestyle of negligence and adapting to emerging technological solutions puts us at the risk of loss to fire and related occurrences as seen in markets, homes and other public places. The risk of fire occurrence is high especially during the dry season, Christmas and New Year celebration due to firecrackers. In the case where house fires are prevalent, it has effect to derail the economic growth, destroy social and physical capital including infrastructures, which resort to reallocation of ongoing programs to finance relief operations to fatalities and inhabitants and reconstruction efforts which diverts funds to social services. Fires are considered natural and man-made hazards. This technology aimed at putting an end to these problems by alerting the owner of house at the starting point of fire accident via alarm.
1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The objective of this work is to construct a device that will detect the unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion [2].
1.2 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of this work is to protect houses against fire accident. This fire alarm system will instantly notify you of any fire outbreak in your houses [2].
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
The primary advantage of a home fire alarm system is increased reliability and the ability to place alarms and bells exactly where needed. However, the reason most people have them is that they wanted a burglar alarm system and the cost of adding fire alarm features to a residential burglary system is relatively small.
Another advantage of fire alarms is the flexibility to place them in specific rooms and areas of your choice. Although there are guidelines about certain areas to avoid, such as spots too close to bathrooms, where steam from showers and baths will inadvertently trigger the alarm, you do have options for where to install the units. For example, shared hallways for multiple bedrooms can be the location for a single fire alarm, or you can install the alarm in a bedroom that is usually closed off to other rooms [3][4].
When installed as part of a house or building's fire alarm system, instead of as single, self-contained units, fire alarms provide additional protection whether inhabitants are inside the dwelling at the time of the alarm or not. When the monitoring station that the system is connected with receives the signal, it can send emergency medical help for individuals who need it, and fire department personnel can assist those who need help exiting the home or building. Also, as part of an overall system, one fire alarm that goes off triggers all the other fire alarms to go off, providing an alert to anyone within the vicinity [4].
This fire alarm is an inexpensive way to provide protection from smoke and possible fires. The only additional expense for the alarm is usually the cost of replacing a lithium 9-volt battery, which the alarms normally use.
1.5 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
Fire alarm plays vital role in risk reduction by helping to control fires at early stages or by initiating an alarm. This device can be used in places like [2][3]:
- Homes
- Worshipping places
- Industrial
- factory and offices
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
The amount of “smoke” present may be insufficient to alarm smoke detectors. Smoke detectors are designed to alarm at various levels of smoke density. If such density levels are not created by a developing fire at the location of detectors, the detectors will not go into alarm.
• Smoke detectors, even when working properly, have sensing limitations. Detectors that have photo-electronic sensing chambers tend to detect smoldering fires better than flaming fires, which have little visible smoke. Detectors that have ionizing-type sensing chambers tend to detect fast flaming fires better than smoldering fires. Because fires develop in different ways and are often unpredictable in their growth, neither type of detector is necessarily best and a given type of detector may not provide adequate warning of a fire [4][5].
• Smoke detectors are subject to false alarms and nuisance alarms. For example, a smoke detector located in or near a kitchen may go into nuisance alarm during normal operation of kitchen appliances.
In addition, dusty or steamy environments may cause a smoke detector to falsely alarm. If the location of a smoke detector causes an abundance of false alarms or nuisance alarms, do not disconnect the smoke detector; call a professional to analyze the situation and recommend a solution.
• Smoke detectors cannot be expected to provide adequate warning of fires caused by arson, children playing with matches (especially within bedrooms), smoking in bed, violent explosions (caused by escaping gas, improper storage of flammable materials, etc.
• System components will not work without electrical power. If system batteries are not serviced or
Replaced regularly, they may not provide battery backup when AC power fails.
• Environments with high air velocity or that are dusty or dirty require more frequent maintenance.
- In general, fire alarm systems and devices will not work without power and will not function properly unless they are maintained and tested regularly.
- The most common cause of an alarm system not functioning when fire occurs is inadequate maintenance. As such, the alarm system should be tested weekly to make sure all sensors, transmitters, and notification devices are working properly [3][4].
1.7 SUMMARY OF REVEIW
Healey et al., (2013) applied a model based on colour which is useful as a basic step for any different algorithms. By using this model any different algorithm can be generated in real time applications for fire detection.
Fisc1ier et al., (2015) suggested multi sensor based fire detection systems are important for automatic fire detection technology.
But this system also takes time to response and cannot be used for open space. The two main motives of the progress are still not acceptable fake alarm and fire detection capabilities of the systems should be improved (i.e. timing of detection should be very quick). Multiple sensors when used in the detection system give a better quality image of the monitored environment which helps in making alarm decision safe. Enhanced detection systems of fire in desired direction is implied by multi sensor technology .An MSBFD algorithm with fire parameters like temperature parameter and smoke density parameter has been presented in the paper. Temperature and smoke sensors were chosen instead of ionization system. Due to imposed environmental regulations, difficulties in applying ionized systems have been increased.
Phillips et al., (2010) used method is to detect fire by the temporial variations of pixels .The pixels of fire colored are obtained by creation of color histogram which is smoothed by Gaussian approach. But, as the method is based on color the complexity arises in temporal property of fire as it is not captured due to temporal variation in pixel color .Other pixels has more temporal variations than cored fire pixels.
Blagojevice et.al (2011) suggested the new function for approximation of front edge of the signal in early stage of fire development is presented. With this function, it is possible very fast, immediately after ignition, to predict the temperature development during the fire growth phase, its maximal value and the time interval needed to achieve this value.
Toreyin (2016) yield better results, as flame boundaries are represented in wavelet domain and fire regions having high frequency is used to generate spatial flame flicker model. But, the technique has two disadvantages: assumption of the stationary camera; and second, though real timed complexity in computation is more. Analytical method consumes more time as there are 25 frames per second in a video.
Han et al., (2016) used tunnel environment to detect flame and smoke in real time by proposing image–processing technique. Existing algorithms for detection of fire in environment of tunnel are difficult to apply as environment somewhat differs and so author proposed a special algorithm for fire in a tunnel. An original algorithm that is applicable to environment of tunnel is proposed by the author. The particular position of event at an early stage can be detected by gaining the information from color and motion to lower false detections in tunnel. But, in real time applications the method is non-applicable due to large number of heuristic thresholds.
Celik et al., (2017) the authors replaced RGB space by YCbCr colour space. They PFM are generated by fuzzy logic to obtain the information of luminance and chrominance which act as a substitute for heuristic rules. The encodataion of certain drawbacks due to back to back experiments can be obtained by fuzzy representation. Author states fire coloured pixel can be determined by the single output decision quantity. Better rate of identifying exploitation of fluky changes of fire from one frame to another frame is prohibitated.
Kandil et.al., (2019) applied a hybrid algorithm depending on adapting the back propagation algorithm to detect fire in sequences of images by use of new adaptive terminal attractor algorithm, after canny edge detection to determine boundaries of smoke and fire. When the video is analysed in wavelet domain the other clue detection of fire flicker and smoke can be done. Computation of spatial wavelet transform of colored regions containing moving fire is done to detect variation of colors in flamed regions. An uncontrolled fire in a nuclear facility can be a very energetic event. The new hybrid is applied for real time fire recognition in the rooms of the second nuclear reactor of Egypt, which have high radiation levels.
1.8 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to this study. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of this study were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of the study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
In summary, there are several options for a building's fire detection and alarm system. The ultimate system type, and selected components, will be dependent upon the building construction and value, its use or uses, the type of occupants, mandated standards, content value, and mission sensitivity. Contacting a fire engineer or other appropriate professional who understands fire problems and the different alarm and detection options is usually a preferred first step to find the best system.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design and construction of a fire alarm system" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and construction of a fire alarm system" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "design and construction of a fire alarm system" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and construction of a fire alarm system" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and construction of a fire alarm system" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and construction of a fire alarm system" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and construction of a fire alarm system" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "design and construction of a fire alarm system"" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and construction of a fire alarm system" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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