DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A HEART BEAT MONITOR
This work is on design and construction of a heart beat monitor. Heart rate is a very vital health parameter that is directly related to the soundness of the human cardiovascular system. This project describes a technique of measuring the heart rate through a fingertip. While the heart is beating, it is actually pumping blood throughout the body, and that makes the blood volume inside the finger artery to change too. This fluctuation of blood can be detected through an optical sensing mechanism placed around the fingertip. The signal can be amplified further for the system to count the rate of fluctuation, which is actually the heart rate. The aim of this work is to design a device that senses the heart rate from the finger tip using IR reflection method and displays it on a three digit seven segment display in beats per minute. The circuit has an accuracy of 4 beats per minute.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Heart rate, or heart pulse, is the speed of the heartbeat measured by the number of contractions of the heart per unit of time — typically beats per minute (bpm). The heart rate can vary according to the body’s physical needs, including the need to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide. Activities that can provoke change include physical exercise, sleep, anxiety, stress, illness, ingesting, and drugs.
The normal resting adult human heart rate ranges from 60–100 bpm. Tachycardia is a fast heart rate, defined as above 100 bpm at rest. Bradycardia is a slow heart rate, defined as below 60 bpm at rest. During sleep a slow heartbeat with rates around 40–50 BPM is common and is considered normal. When the heart is not beating in a regular pattern, this is referred to as an arrhythmia. These abnormalities of heart rate sometimes indicate disease.
This paper describes the design of a very low-cost device which measures the heart rate of the subject by clipping sensors on one of the fingers and then displaying the result on a seven segment display. Advantage of such a design is that it can be expanded and can easily be connected to a recording device or a PC to collect and analyse the data for over a period of time.
Heart rate measurement is one of the very important parameters of the human cardiovascular system. The heart rate of a healthy adult at rest is around 72 beats per minute (bpm). Athletes normally have lower heart rates than less active people. Babies have a much higher heart rate at around 120 bpm, while older children have heart rates at around 90 bpm. The heart rate rises gradually during exercises and returns slowly to the rest value after exercise. The rate when the pulse returns to normal is an indication of the fitness of the person.
Heart rate is simply and traditionally measured by placing the thumb over the subject’s arterial pulsation, and feeling, timing and counting the pulses usually in a 5 second period. Heart rate (bpm) of the subject is then found by multiplying the obtained number by 12. This method although simple, is not accurate and can give errors when the rate is high. More sophisticated methods to measure the heart rate utilize electronic techniques.
1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The main objective of this work is constructing a low-cost microcontroller based heart rate measuring device with seven segment output. Heart rate of the subject is measured from the finger using sensors and the rate is then averaged and displayed on seven segment display.
1.2 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
This work was built around the AT89s51 microcontroller. The microcontroller is the heart of the circuit of the device. The device senses the heart rate from the finger tip using IR reflection method and displays it on a three digit seven segment display in beats per minute. The circuit has an accuracy of 4 beats per minute and it is very easy to use. In medical terms, the technique used here for sensing heart rate is called photoplethysmography.
1.3 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
- Digital Heart Rate monitor
- Patient Monitoring System
- Bio-Feedback control of robotics and applications
1.4 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
Heart beat monitor is a personal monitoring device that allows one to measure one's heart beat rate in real time or record the heart beat rate for later study.
Heart-rate monitors measure your heart rate during exercise and are an excellent tool for monitoring and improving your performance. Heart-rate monitors can also prevent you from overtraining and help you keep your pace during a race.
The main purpose of a heart-rate monitor is to help you maintain your target heart rate during a workout. Staying within your target zone ensures that you are getting the most effective workout.
Using a heart-rate monitor will tell you if you are overexerting yourself on easy training days or if you need to exert more effort to reach a particular heart-rate zone.
A heart-rate monitor is a great tool for monitoring your effort during a race. A heart rate monitor can help prevent you from pushing to hard early in a race.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
Measure your heart rate using a touch less device. Your heart rate is measure by a special vein in your finger using sensors. This is then sent to microcontroller to process that compares with a threshold value to display your heart rate on seven segment display.
- Precisely Measures Heart Rate using Infrared Frequency.
- Monitors Pulse Rate Using Arterial Blood Flow.
- Measures Heart Rate in 15s Using a Microcontroller.
- Displays Heartbeats Per Minute on seven segment Display
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- Sometimes, too much data can confuse, instead of guide you. Some people quit early on their training, because they feel intimidated with all the details.
- the monitors may be expensive, especially if you want it to be as accurate as possible.
- the beeps can be quite distracting, especially when you are in highways and other public places. Accidents sometimes occur because of this
1.7 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to the study. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of the study were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of this study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
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