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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A  METAL DETECTOR

 

ABSTRACT

Metal detector is designed to meet up with security demand in our society such as in our financial institution, churches, homes, schools etc. A metal detector is a device which responds to metal that may not be readily apparent. This system detects metals of different types and also electronics gadgets such as cell phone, bombs etc. it  work in such a way that when such devices are brought close to it, it detects it by giving out a beep. The metal detector consists of an oscillator producing an alternating current that passes through a coil producing an alternating magnetic field. If a piece of electrically conductive metal is close to the coil, eddy currents will be induced in the metal, and this produces an alternating electric field of its own.

 

 

CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
A metal detector is described as an electronic instrument which detects the presence of metal nearby. Metal detectors are useful for finding metal inclusions hidden within objects, or metal objects buried underground. They often consist of a handheld unit with a sensor probe which can be swept over the ground or other objects. If the sensor comes near a piece of metal this is indicated by a changing tone in earphones, or a needle moving on an indicator. Usually the device gives some indication of distance; the closer the metal is, the higher the tone in the earphone or the higher the needle goes. Another common type are stationary "walk through" metal detectors used for security screening at access points in prisons, courthouses, and airports to detect concealed metal weapons on a person's body.
Metal detector consists of an oscillator producing an alternating current that passes through a coil producing an alternating magnetic field. If a piece of electrically conductive metal is close to the coil, eddy currents will be induced in the metal, and this produces a magnetic field of its own. If another coil is used to measure the magnetic field (acting as a magnetometer), the change in the magnetic field due to the metallic object can be detected.
Nowadays, the metal detector is used to identify metallic devices such as bombs, guns for security purpose. To avoid any illegal or unauthorized entry of metallic objects, bombs, knives, guns within the luggage bags of the person carrying them in public places like theatres, shopping malls, parks, airports, hotels, railway stations. A security system is developed by using proximity sensor which is named as a metal detector. So, a metal detector is used in many robotic or electronics projects  to detect any present metals which are nearby or the existence of hidden items within objects. This article gives an overview of metal detector working principle and applications.

1.2                                             OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The objective of the project is to build a device which detects the presence of metal nearby, hidden within objects, or metal objects buried underground.

1.3                                         SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
The importance of metal detection follow directly from the reasons for using metal detectors in the first place. By systematically exploiting the advantages of metal detection and rejection with state-of-the-art technology, a manufacturer can invest all its energy to refining its products and developing new ones. They won't have to worry about lawsuits for immaterial damages or about the company's image suffering because of negative headlines.
Modern metal detectors do much more than just sound the alarm on metal particles. They have also become a front line instrument of many  quality management systems and SOP protocols. These advanced features include automatic check prompting and rejection monitoring that is now integrated into the production data as is quantity of pieces, number and time of metal-detected messages, detailed fault messages, beginning of recording and detection sensitivity settings. The accumulated data is then sent via an interface (provided with the metal detector by the manufacturer) to a central computer for evaluation.
The feeling of safety can be created while in an airport, college, office building, or any other area where these detectors are being used. People that are using them can control who enters a specific area and what he/she brings inside it.
There are different types and models of metal detectors, but the most commonly used detectors are the hand held models and walk through models.
With the help of a hand held detector, security personnel can physically detect if a person is carrying a metallic object. On the other hand, walk through metal detectors are much quicker, and they alert the security personnel of dangerous objects such as knives or weapons.
Metal detectors are able to deter potential would-be criminals because the would-be criminal will think twice before walking through a security check point.

1.4                                           LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
As for the limitation of using any type of metal detector, they cause privacy concerns. A lot of people can find it uncomfortable while passing through a detector scanning them for  potentially dangerous metallic objects. In some cases it is possible that they ask to be manually searched when the rules of safety allow such actions.
Also, in this advantageous medical era, we can find a lot of medical reasons why some person might have metal on his/hers body. Sometimes, metal devices can be surgically installed inside the person’s body which will cause the alarm to be set off each time that person walks through a metal detector. In many cases it is possible for the security personnel to see on their computers that the metal object that caused the alarm is actually a harmless tool and not a weapon.
As already said, metal detectors create electromagnetic fields. This can cause electrical interference to electronic devices that one person might have in its possession. This includes medical devices such as pacemakers. Some metal detectors can harm pacemakers because they have a very strong electromagnetic field. In this case, such detectors can be fatal for those people, and it is strongly advised that they avoid passing through them.
In many situations, metal detectors can give a false alarm if people are wearing some kind of jewelry, watch, phone, loose change or similar. This can make some people feel embarrassed and can cause panic for no reason. A false alarm caused by detectors can be inconvenient both for the security personnel and the person to whom the alarm turned on.

1.5                               USES AND  APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

Metal detectors are used for:

Treasure Hunting

  • Different types of treasure hunting that use metal detector technology include "coin shooting" or coin hunting, prospecting for gold and/or silver, historical artifact hunting, and beach combing for valuables lost on the beach. Serious coin and relic hunters will do an enormous amount of research beforehand to determine where specific, potentially valuable sites are located. The depth to which a metal detector can pinpoint a buried metal object depends largely on the strength (and expense) of the model. The typical amateur treasure-hunting metal detector can only detect metal objects one or two feet below the surface.
  • Airport and Building Security

Metal detectors are used for airport and building security to determine whether guns, knives, or other weapons are being transported onto aircraft or into public buildings. The technology and efficiency of a security metal detector is much more advanced than that of an amateur treasure-hunting detector. There are two types of security metal detectors: the walk-through detector, and the wand detector.
A walk-through metal detector consists of a metal-detecting arch or "gate" through which an individual passes to be screened. If an alarm sounds, an operator stops the individual from walking past the checkpoint, and proceeds to investigate the cause and the source of the alarm.
A wand detector is slightly more laborious to use, but it is a much less expensive alternative to a walk-through detector. Security personnel pass the wand slowly over all sides of the body of the individual being screened, with an alarm within the wand sounding when metal is detected.

Land Mine Detection

The military has used metal detection to pinpoint buried land mines since World War I. Of the two types of landmines used in warfare, antipersonnel and antitank, antipersonnel mines are harder for metal detectors to locate because they are often made of plastic. Both types of mines are typically buried close to the surface, making detection of metal-based mines relatively easy, though intensely nerve-wracking, as the slightest contact with a mine will easily detonate it.

Construction Industry

Metal detectors are also used in the construction industry to locate steel reinforcement bars embedded in concrete, and to pinpoint metal pipes and wires in floors and walls. This is useful in avoiding unnecessary damage when replacing plumbing or wiring in a building or house. Some models of metal detector used for construction industry purposes bear a resemblance to the wand detector used for security purposes, while others more closely resemble those used for treasure hunting.

1.6                                              PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

Metal detectors are quite useful. They have many uses in many different fields, some of which include: the military in mine fields, airports and other security checkpoints, geophysical prospectors, and beach-combers.
The metal detector is also included in the detector radar family, because many use radar in their systems. Other members of the detector radar family include: car radar detector systems, weather radar systems, and cordless radar systems.
Metal detectors are made up of an oscillator that produces an alternating current that passes through a coil, which creates an alternating magnetic field. This means that when an electronically conductive metal is near the detector, it creates eddies of air, which causes a change in the magnetic field, which enables the operator to see where the metal is.
Handheld detectors are the most common, and are used in the majority of cases. Even land mines can be detected through the use of handheld devices. However, for really deep metals, ground penetrating radar is used in conjunction with the metal detector to unearth the hidden metal.
It is a very useful and entertaining tool. It is hard to imagine someone never having seen one. Nearly everyone has come in contact with metal detectors at least once. It is an interesting fact that such a detector is part of the detector radar family.

1.7                          PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to Metal detector. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of Metal detector were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of Metal detector. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.
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