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TITLE PAGE

 

BY

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--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---

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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "design and construction of a microcontroller based (atmega 328) automatic phase selector with mains cut off for solar power inverter with gsm notification" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.

By
---                                                     . ---
Supervisor                                                  Head of Department.
Signature……………….                           Signature……………….        

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External Invigilator

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.

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This project work is on microcontroller based (ATmega 328) automatic phase selector with mains cut off for solar power inverter with GSM notification. In this century, the demand for electricity is increasing at an alarming rate that has caused pressure on the existingtransmission and distribution networks. This has led to power cuts affecting sensitive facilities such as hospitals, industries andschools. This project is designed to automatically supply continuous power to the load through one or all of the three sources ofsupply that are: solar, mains grid & generator. In case their availability; an android app is used to select the source of choice andwhen the amount of load demand increases beyond what can be handled by one source, a mobile app is used to bring on boardeither of the remaining two sources so as to meet the load demand. The output of either sources is connected to a voltage sensorwhich monitors mains lines and select the most healthy one out of the three, as soon as there is power cut the system will automatically switch to the solar energy. At the same time a message is sent to theoperator by means of GSM, notifying of the selection in order to decide. The operator can decide to operate the loads by sending a text message“normal”torestore the system operationtouse anandroidapp.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
• PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
• APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
• PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

2.0      LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1      REVIEW OF ELECTRICAL PHASES
2.2     REVIEW OF THREE-PHASE ELECTRIC POWER
2.3     REVIEW OF THREE PHASE GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION
2.4    REVIEW OF THREE-PHASE LOADS

2.5          REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
CHAPTER THREE

3.0      METHODOLOGY

3.1      BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
3.2      SYSTEMDESCRIPTION

3.3      SYSTEMCIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.4      VOLTAGESENSOR
3.5      LOGICDESIGN
3.6 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED

CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.0      CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
4.1      CASING AND PACKAGING
4.2      ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.3      TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
4.4      RESULT

CHAPTER FIVE
5.1      CONCLUSION
5.2      RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES

 

 

CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                             INTRODUCTION
1.1                                       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In Nigeria today the problems of power outage across phases is so rampant thus leading to some sensitive equipment and appliances being redundant, this could sometimes be the cause of one phase going out with respect to the otheraccording to William (2009).
It may surprise one to note that in an attempt to solve this problems, so many unskilled electricity consumers has  in recent past resorted to some crude means of swapping between phases to obtain power. So many souls have been lost in this act. This is an undesirable condition to consumers and the need now arises to design a device that can automatically select among the phases and make power supply available at the consumers’ terminal [William, 2009].
An automatic phase selector with mains cut off for solar power inverter with GSM notification is anelectrical device that is capable of transferring a load fromone source of power supply to another and to bring on board all or some sources incase one source is in capable of supplying the load. The basic function of a phase selectors witch is to make and break from one source of power supply to another or bring all sources on broad in case onesource is incapable to supply the entire load. It uses voltage sensor to measure the voltage at the input of the three lines in other to ensure that the most healthy or normal voltage is supplied to the device. Also, in the case of power cut the device will automatically switch to the solar energy and at the same time notify the user via an SMS, in this time the user will have the right either to continue with the alternative power supply or not which the user will operate via a GSM. A manual operation of transfers witch requires the availability of electrical personnel to operate the switch. Thus, it cannot be used in some industrial and commercial applications where absence of power for a certain period of time could have serious implications in terms of life, financial losses due to loss ofproduction, data storage and products. In order to eliminate the time delay between changing over from one source toanother, and outage of power due to voltage variation, thereis therefore a need for a phase selector with main cut for solar power inverter. An automatic phasese lector(APS) serves as an interface between power sources in order to maintain acontinuous supply of electricity to the load.These lector automatically senses the power failure from mains, and supplies the load with solar energy for startup. The phase selector will continue tomonitor the condition of the mains until it isrestored. Also in the event of voltage variation and overload,this device will protect both the consumers’ and producers’equipment by ensuring that only healthy line will be selected using voltage sensor.

1.2                                                  PROBLEM STATEMENT
Power failure / under and over voltage in a country, state or city is highly detrimental to development in public and private industries. The insecurity associated with these problems brings about limitation to power consistent investments, thus hampering the development of industries and multinational ventures. Processes like carrying out surgical operations in hospitals, laboratories which require constant power supply for research, money transactions  between banks and more require constant use of uninterrupted power. In other to solve this problem, an automatic changeover switch was invented. This research covers the design and construction of a single phase digital automatic power changeover. It has the capacity to automatically switch power from  national grid to solar energy, once there is power failure in mains supplies and at the same time notify the user via SMS.

1.3                                AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The main aim of this work is to build a device that will overcome mains power interruption by selecting next most healthy available phase to feed the equipment but in case of mains failure it will automatically switch over to the solar energy.
The objectives of the study are:

• To build an automatic phase selector with mains cutoff for solar inverter
• To overcome power failure in our society.
• To interface ATmega 328 with GSM module
• To validate the design of automatic selector system with mains cutoff for inverter power.

1.4                                      SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
Industries require three phases power to run their machinery. Some of them require continuous \ uninterrupted power to maintain their data. Auto phase selector unit for equipment whose supply is single phase. The single phase supply is selected automatically from three phases supply.     
Auto Phase Selector introduces an automatic solution to overcome power fluctuation \ phase interruption by selecting next most healthy available phase to feed the equipment.
Working on this course will serve as a means of learning how prevent power interruption in our homes and industries, and to learn how to interface ATmega 328 with GSM module.

1.5                                        LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
In every home, office or industries, automatic phase selector plays a vital role, that is, It provides a means of switching from one phase of AC mains to another in the case of failure in the existing phase; This project has been improved on the existing types of electromechanical device that has being in use over the years.       
In the course of designing this project, different kinds of problem was notice such as:

• Difficulty in troubleshooting with circuit without the circuit diagram
• Difficulty in connecting the output without the three phases short-circuiting, until a multiplexing circuit was gotten.
• Difficult in wiring because of the strong wiring the project required (Fowler, 2011).

1.6                                              SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
This work covers only a three phase automatic phase selector which can only be used for providing a means of switching from one phase of AC mains to another in the case of failure in the existing phase. This device select the healthier among the three lines but in time of mains cut out it will automatically switch over to the solar energy. It has covers the use of GSM to notify the user whenever the system switches over to the solar in other for the user to decide whether to maintain the solar or not.

1.7                                          APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
This device is used in the following places [Theo et al., 1998]

• home,
• office,
• worship places
• workshops or industries

1.8                                                        METHODOLOGY
To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:

• Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
• Draw a block diagram.
• Test for continuity of components and devices,
• Design and calculation for the device was carried out.
• Studying of various component used in circuit.
• Construction of the device is carried out
• Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.

1.8                             PROJECT ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work,   chapter two presents the literature review of the study,  chapter three describes the methods applied,  chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.

CHAPTER FIVE
5.1                                                       CONCLUSION
This project of an android based automatic phase selector and overload protector using ATmega 328p microcontroller and GSM is used to handle power supply from solar, grid or generator most effectively.
The sequence of the project is the selection of supply from solar, main grid or generator automatically using microcontroller and android app. This project also protects the load against low or over voltage.
The significance of this project lies in the various and wide places of applications such as; power generation plants, schools, hospitals, and most especially manufacturing industries and mining industries where continuous supply of power is important.

5.3                                                RECOMMENDATION
Carrying-out this work by final year student is a right thing and at the right time.
This work was built with quality wiring and contains many connections, I recommend that if failure occur, it should be troubleshoot by a qualify personnel along with the circuits diagram.
This project was built for Educational purposes. If one want to use it for industrial or home applications, I recommend that a hook should be attached to the casing that would allow fixing the system on the wall.

 

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CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design and construction of a microcontroller based (atmega 328) automatic phase selector with mains cut off for solar power inverter with gsm notification" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and construction of a microcontroller based (atmega 328) automatic phase selector with mains cut off for solar power inverter with gsm notification" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "design and construction of a microcontroller based (atmega 328) automatic phase selector with mains cut off for solar power inverter with gsm notification" was reviewed.

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and construction of a microcontroller based (atmega 328) automatic phase selector with mains cut off for solar power inverter with gsm notification" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and construction of a microcontroller based (atmega 328) automatic phase selector with mains cut off for solar power inverter with gsm notification" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and construction of a microcontroller based (atmega 328) automatic phase selector with mains cut off for solar power inverter with gsm notification" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and construction of a microcontroller based (atmega 328) automatic phase selector with mains cut off for solar power inverter with gsm notification" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "design and construction of a microcontroller based (atmega 328) automatic phase selector with mains cut off for solar power inverter with gsm notification" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and construction of a microcontroller based (atmega 328) automatic phase selector with mains cut off for solar power inverter with gsm notification" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

 

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