Opening and closing of doors is always a tedious job, especially in places like shopping malls, hotels and theatres where a person is always required to open the door for visitors. A proximity sensor doorcan detect the presence of nearby someone near the door without any physical contact thereby opening the door.Proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor's target.This device is developed by interfacing ultrasonic sensor with ATM microcontroller.  Proximity measurement using ultrasonic sensor and ATMEGA328p. In this project object proximity was measured object distance in centimeters without any physical contact, with the help of APDS9022 Ultrasound sensor, ATMEGA328p micro-controller, LCD Display via I2C bus. 

 

CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                           INTRODUCTION
Proximity Detection Sensors detect, and measure reflected infrared (IR) energy to detect the presence of an object or person.  The proximity detection devices offer a wide range of performance, with four programmable LED drive currents and IR pulse repetitions. The proximity detection circuitry compensates for ambient light, allowing it to operate in environments ranging from bright sunlight to dark rooms. The wide dynamic range allows operation in short-distance detection applications behind dark glass, such as cell phones. Proximity Detection Sensors can be used for a mechanical switch replacement or to sense human gesturing (Garg, Rakesh Kumar; Ashish Dixit; Pavan Yadav, 2008).
Proximity sensorsdetect the presence or absence of an object from the door. Proximity Sensors are analog output reflective sensors in a small form factor SMT package that offer a distance detectionrange near zero to 60mm. Proximity sensors can be used in industrial, automotive and consumer applications.
This project proposes a system of automatic opening and closing of door by using sensors. The ultrasonic sensor emits infrared radiation from a considerable distance and sends it to the microcontroller, commanding the microcontroller to either open the gate or to close it. This sensing signal is fed to a controller to operate a door motor through motor driver. The sensor sends a logical command to open the door. The door automatically closes with a fixed time delay (Garg, Rakesh Kumar; Ashish Dixit; Pavan Yadav, 2008).

1.1                             OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The objective of this work is constructing a device which can be used to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact thereby opening and closing door using ATMEGA328p, ultrasonic sensor and LCD display. That does this by emitting an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal.

1.2                               PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of this work is to provide a digital means of opening and closing a door detectingsomeone’s distance without physical contact with the person that is approaching the door.

1.3               STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In case of power failure, doors/ systems that operate on this technology will not function unless alternative source of power is provided, this will lead to additional cost.
False response may intermittently occur due to the sensitivity of the system to other bodies or objects other than those who’s the design support.

1.4                                   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
As a student of physics/electronics department, this work has exposed me to know the application and description of many electronics components. It also made me to know that an object can be detected by electromagnetic field without making any physical contact with the object.

1.5                                  SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The project is designed to measure the proximity of someone approaching a door by using an ultrasonic transducer. The sensor emits infrared radiation from a considerable distance and sends it to the microcontroller, commanding the microcontroller to either open the door or to close it. This sensing signal is fed to a controller to operate a door motor through motor driver. The sensor sends a logical command to open the door. The door automatically closes with a fixed time delay.This proposed system uses an ultrasonic module interfaced to a microcontroller of ATMEGA328p.
The total time taken from sending the waves to receiving it is calculated by taking into consideration the velocity of sound. Then the distance is calculated by a program running on the microcontroller and displayed on an LCD screen interfaced to the microcontroller. The ultrasonic sensor produces 40 kHz sound waves (Cho, Youngjun (2016).

1.6                           APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT

• Parking sensors, systems mounted on car bumpers that sense distance to nearby cars for parking
• Ground proximity warning system for aviation safety
• Vibration measurements of rotating shafts in machinery
• Top dead centre (TDC)/camshaft sensor in reciprocating engines.
• Sheet breaks sensing in paper machine.
• Anti-aircraft warfare
• Roller coasters
• Conveyor systems
• Beverage and food can making lines
• Mobile devices
• Touch screens that come near the face
• Attenuating radio power near the body, in order to reduce radiation exposure (Cho, Youngjun 2014).

1.7                                 RESEARCH CONSTRAINT

Microcontroller bit is an electronic device that acts intelligently in a circuit by simultaneously acting as an electronic device and interpreting the message from other parts of the circuit before taking decision. It therefore requires a quality time in understanding and the needs to write a microcomputer programming code actually proved difficult before it could be accomplished.
The bit system in the configuration of their input and output registers. Microcontroller register is a small place in a Central Processing Unit that can store a small amount of data used for performing various operations such as Arithmetic and loads the resulting data on the main memory. Several learning classes were held to understand this aspect in order to develop a suitable embedded C program for the project.

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