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TITLE PAGE
BY
---
--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "design and construction of a microcontroller based proximity sensor" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
--- . ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact. Examples of proximity sensor usage include detecting an out-of-paper condition in a printer or a mobile phone screen that dims to save battery life when placed near a face.
proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor's target.
This device is developed by interfacing ultrasonic sensor with ATM microcontroller. Proximity measurement using ultrasonic sensor and ATMEGA328p. In this project object proximity was measured object distance in centimeters without any physical contact, with the help of APDS9022 Ultrasound sensor, ATMEGA328p micro-controller, LCD Display via I2C bus.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Contents v
Abstract ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Objective of the Project 2
1.2 Purpose of the Project 2
1.3 Statement of the problem 2
1.4 Significance of the Project 2
1.5 Scope of the Project 2
1.6 Application of the Project 3
CHAPTER TWO
- Literature Review 5
2.0.1 Review of Proximity Sensor 5
2.1 Historical background of proximity sensor 6
2.1.1 Versatility of the proximity sensor 7
2.1.2 Analogue Position Measurement 8
2.1.3 The Latest Proximity Switches 9
2.1.4 All-Angled Display 10
2.1.5 Indestructible Under Severe Conditions 11
2.1.6 A Level Higher 11
2.2 Review of Different Types of Proximity Sensors 13
2.3 Review of IR Technologies For Proximity Sensing 13
2.3.1 Photo Interruption 14
2.3.2 Reflective Sensing 15
2.3.3 Proximity Detection As a Peripheral Function 16
CHAPTER THREE
- Design Methodology 18
3.1 System Block Diagram 18
3.2 System Circuit Diagram 18
3.3 Components Required 19
3.4 System Description 19
3.5 LCD Connection 20
3.6 Programming Explanation 22
3.6.1 Code 30
3.6.2 LCD Display 34
3.7 Power Supply Circuit 35
3.7.1 Component List 36
3.7.2 Voltage Regulator 36
3.7.3 Transformer 38
3.7.4 Rectifying Circuit 39
3.7.5 Capacitors 39
3.7.6 Block diagram of the power supply 40
3.7.7 Circuit Diagram of the power supply 40
3.7.8 Operation of the power supply 41
3.8 Micro-controller unit 41
3.8.1 Description of an ATMEGA328P Micro-controller 42
3.8.2 Advantages of Using ATMGA328 49
3.8.3 Disadvantages of Using ATMGA328 49
CHAPTER FOUR
- Result Analysis 50
4.1 Construction Procedure 50
4.2 Casing and Packaging 50
4.3 Assembly of Sections 50
4.4 Packaging 51
4.5 Making of the proximity door 51
4.6 Mounting of the proximity Sensor 51
4.7 Mounting of Servo 51
4.8 Mounting Procedure 52
4.9 Testing 52
4.6.1 Pre-Implementation Testing 53
4.6.2 Post-Implementation Testing 53
4.7 Result Analysis 54
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Conclusion 55
REFERENCES 57
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Proximity Detection Sensors detect and measure reflected infrared (IR) energy to detect the presence of an object or person. The proximity detection devices offer a wide range of performance, with four programmable LED drive currents and IR pulse repetitions. The proximity detection circuitry compensates for ambient light, allowing it to operate in environments ranging from bright sunlight to dark rooms. The wide dynamic range allows operation in short-distance detection applications behind dark glass, such as cell phones. Proximity Detection Sensors can be used for a mechanical switch replacement or to sense human gesturing.
Proximity sensors detect the presence or absence of an object. Examples of proximity sensor usage include detecting an out-of-paper condition in a printer or a mobile phone screen that dims to save battery life when placed near a face.
Proximity Sensors are analog output reflective sensors in a small form factor SMT package that offer a distance detection range near zero to 60mm.
Proximity sensors can be used in industrial, automotive and consumer applications.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The objective of this work is constructing a device which can be used to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact using ATMEGA328p, ultrasonic sensor and LCD display. That does this by emitting an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of this work is to provide a digital means of measuring object distance without physical contact with the object that is been measured.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
As a student of electrical/electronics engineering, this work has exposed me to know the application and description of many electronics components. It also made me to know that an object can be detected by electromagnetic field without making any physical contact with the object.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The project is designed to measure the proximity of any object by using an ultrasonic transducer. Ultrasonic means of proximity measurement is a convenient method compared to traditional one using measurement scales.
This proposed system uses an ultrasonic module interfaced to a microcontroller of ATMEGA328p.
The total time taken from sending the waves to receiving it is calculated by taking into consideration the velocity of sound. Then the distance is calculated by a program running on the microcontroller and displayed on an LCD screen interfaced to the microcontroller. The ultrasonic sensor produces 40 kHz sound waves.
1.5 APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT
- Parking sensors, systems mounted on car bumpers that sense distance to nearby cars for parking
- Ground proximity warning system for aviation safety
- Vibration measurements of rotating shafts in machinery
- Top dead centre (TDC)/camshaft sensor in reciprocating engines.
- Sheet breaks sensing in paper machine.
- Anti-aircraft warfare
- Roller coasters
- Conveyor systems
- Beverage and food can making lines[3]
- Mobile devices
- Touch screens that come in close proximity to the face
- Attenuating radio power in close proximity to the body, in order to reduce radiation exposure
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor's target. Different proximity sensor targets demand different sensors.
This paper proposes an inexpensive and compact model of proximity detection using ATMEGA328. Depending upon pre-determined data the signals from microcontroller are conditioned and corresponding output pins are checked for correctness This system that has been implemented has shown considerable output that matched our requirement. This was achieved by small and user friendly ATMEGA328.
Proximity sensors can have a high reliability and long functional life because of the absence of mechanical parts and lack of physical contact between sensor and the sensed object.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
Proximity sensors are commonly used on smart-phones to detect (and skip) accidental touch-screen taps when held to the ear during a call. They are also used in machine vibration monitoring to measure the variation in distance between a shaft and its support bearing. This is common in large steam turbines, compressors, and motors that use sleeve-type bearings. A proximity sensor adjusted to a very short range is often used as a touch switch.
To address the increasingly broad range of proximity sensing applications IR-based detectors now offer increased functionality, small size, low cost, low power, and high part integration. When used with touchscreen devices, they can also save energy overall by eliminating false triggers that would otherwise wake up a processor and power up a display and backlight. Digi-Key has established an extensive portfolio of IR proximity sensor devices.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design and construction of a microcontroller based proximity sensor" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and construction of a microcontroller based proximity sensor" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "design and construction of a microcontroller based proximity sensor" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and construction of a microcontroller based proximity sensor" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and construction of a microcontroller based proximity sensor" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and construction of a microcontroller based proximity sensor" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and construction of a microcontroller based proximity sensor" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "design and construction of a microcontroller based proximity sensor" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and construction of a microcontroller based proximity sensor" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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