DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A MICROCONTROLLER BASED VEHICLE SPEED ALARM
The project is based on Construction of microcontroller vehicle speed alarm system which automatically warns the driver by activating a panic alarm which is triggered on when the driver exceeds the speed limit set in the system which also stops the alarm when the speed is reduced below the set speed limit. A speedometer system is used to monitor the speed of the car. The voltage output of the speedometer system is used to set the time the alarm comes on. The other component parts of the system are power unit which comprises of 5volts regulator and diode for reverse voltage prevention, micro controller, analog to digital converter (ADC), LED, resistors, transistors, wires and potentiometer. By proper steps, time and knowledge, one was able to couple the components together to achieve the desired functions which are stated in the various chapters of this report. This system can be used for road safety and measures taken to prevent accident caused by over speeding.
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
Title page i
Approval page ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of contents vi
List of figures ix
List of table’s
x
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study 1.2 1.2 The aim and objective
1.3 Scope of the project
1.4 Significance of the project
1.5 Limitation of the project
1.6 Problem of the project
1.7 Application of the project
1.8 Project report organization
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Historical background
2.2Speedometer
2.3 Voltage regulator
2.4Transformer
2.5Diodes
2.6The opt-coupler
2.7 Potentiometer
2.8 Transistor
2.9 Resistor
2.10 Microcontroller
CHAPTER THREE: SYSTEM OPERATION
3.1 Block diagram of the project
3.2 Circuit diagram and operation
CHAPTER FOUR: SYSTEM DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
4.1 Software designing
4.2 Calculating led resistor value
4.3 Constructed system circuit
CHAPTER FIVE: TEST OF RESULTS, PACKAGING
5.1 Testing of the individual components
5.2 Unit by unit testing
5.3 System testing
5.4 Integration
5.5 Packaging
CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1 Conclusion
6.2 Problems encountered and solutions
6.3 Suggestion for further improvements
6.4 Recommendation
APPENDIX A: List of system components
APPENDIX B: Component cost table
APPENDIX C: System source code
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig1.1: A modern speedometer
Fig2.1: A7805 voltage regulator
Fig2.2: Diagram of step down transformer
Fig2.3: Diode and its symbol
Fig2.4: Diode curve graph
Fig2.5: Opt-isolator with phototransistor |
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Fig2.6: LED and its circuit symbol |
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Fig2.7: Potentiometer |
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Fig2.8: Transistor symbol |
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Fig2.9: Resistor and its symbol |
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Fig2.10: Resistor with colour bands |
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Fig2.11: The pin layout of the microcontroller |
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Fig2.12: Architecture of the PIC16F88 microcontroller |
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Fig3.1: Block diagram of the project |
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Fig 3.2: Flow chart |
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Fig3.3: Power supply diagram |
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Fig3.4: Hall Effect module |
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Fig3.5: LED integrated to the control unit (microcontroller) |
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Fig3.6: Complete system diagram |
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Fig4.1: Calculating LED resistor value |
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Fig4.2: System unit |
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1: The data sheet
Table 2.2: Colour code and tolerance
Appendix B Component cost analysis table
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
It is known that road accidents are increasing day by day. Most of these road accidents are caused because the vehicles are driven at high speeds. It is also caused if the places have sharp turnings and junctions exist [1]. Running the vehicles even at those places is the main cause for the accidents. Reduction of number of such accidents is the prime step needed to be taken. Many systems have been developed to prevent these road accidents .One of them is CC i.e. Cruise control system [2] that is capable of maintaining speed defined by the driver and its another version ACC i.e. Adaptive Cruise Control [3] that keeps the vehicle at safer distance from the preceding vehicle. But these systems have no capability to detect the curved roads where the speeds of the automobiles have to be lowered to avoid the accidents. Later curve warning systems(CWS) have been developed to detect the curved roads by using Global Positioning System (GPS) and the digital maps obtained from the Geographical Information Systems (GIS) [4] to assess threat levels for driver if approaching the curved road quickly. But these maps need to be updated regularly and are not useful if there are unexpected road. In the current existing system, manually operated systems are used ,for example in public transport buses, a rod is welded below the accelerator and in some cases speed lockers are used in gear box so that the buses cannot cross certain limit. Speed Controller system is developed for Fiat Punto which is a four wheeler, but this system is not available for Two-wheelers. So we are developing a system which controls speed of the vehicle and sends an alert message to the owner, that vehicle has crossed maximum limit. The model thus developed will deal totally to control the speed of the vehicle. The model main aim is to develop a speedometer. And using this speedometer detects the speed of the vehicle by sensing the pulses generated by Hall Effect sensor present in the tyre of the vehicle. After determining the speed, if the speed goes beyond the fixed limit then alerts the driver of vehicle by an alarm.
The dashboard instrument cluster in a car organizes a variety of sensors and gauges, including the oil pressure gauge, coolant temperature gauge, fuel level gauge, tachometer and more. But the most prominent gauge and perhaps the most important, at least in terms of how many times you look at it while driving is the speedometer. The job of the speedometer is to indicate the speed of a car in miles per hour, kilometers per hour or both. Even in late-model cars, it's an analog device that uses a needle to point to a specific speed, which the driver reads as a number printed on a dial.
As with any emerging technology, the first speedometers were expensive and available only as options. It wasn't until 1910 that automobile manufacturers began to include the speedometer as standard equipment. One of the first speedometer suppliers was Otto Schulze Auto meter (OSA), a legacy company of Siemens VDO Automotive AG, one of the leading developers of modern instrument clusters. The first OSA speedometer was built in 1923 and its basic design didn't change significantly for 60 years. In this project report, high lights will be on the history of speedometers, how they work and digitalization of speedometer, add-on speed checker, and what the future may hold for speedometer design.
1.2 THE AIM OF THE PROJECT
The aim of this work is to design an automobile electronics device and a Commercial Vehicle Speed Warning System that detects the speed of the vehicle using microcontroller and controlling the speed by warning the driver with a panic alarm. This device monitors the vehicle speed and activate an auditory warning as well as record the violation when the preset speed limit is exceeded.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
At the end of this project the student involved will be able:
- To design a digital speedometer.
- Incorporate a speed monitor with respect to set threshold.
- Actualization of speed using analog to digital conversion technique;
- Displaying the analog value in a digital format using an alphanumeric LCD display;
- Entering the speed limit using keyboard built around to push to make switches (mode and adjustment keys)
- Implementing hall -effect technique.
1.4 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The primary purpose of an automobile overspeed warning system is to prevent the driver of an automobile from unknowingly or inadvertently operating his or her vehicle in excess of a certain speed limit for safety or other reasons. This enables the driver to concentrate on the challenges of driving, rather than being distracted by constantly monitoring or watching over the speed of his or her vehicle. The driver of the vehicle may be motivated by a desire or need to remain within the posted speed limit, or by a concern or worry for safety under given road or weather conditions. An automobile over-speed warning system reminds or warns the driver that it is not safe, or lawful, to operate his or her vehicle in excess of a certain speed limit in certain circumstances, whether those circumstances are due to mechanical, environmental or legal constraints. An automobile overspeed warning system can provide drivers of automobiles with valuable peace-of-mind.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
This device controls the speed of vehicles and to avoid accidents. Using the system we can control and monitor speed. If the speed goes beyond first limit then alarm is generated to notify the driver and after that if the speed again is increased to the given limit than the vehicle is automatically switched off for fixed time interval.
The developed system will take input from Hall Effect sensor in the form of pulses. Hall Effect sensor is already present in the wheels of vehicle. Thus, using the pulses generated by Hall Effect sensor the speed of the vehicle can be determined.
· They enable the driver to keep his or her eyes ‘on the road: instead of having to frequently look down at the speedometer to check the speed.
· They help to stop speed creep in poor visibility or slippery conditions and also help in towing a trailer where speed limits are lower.
· Alarm driver when head lights have been left on. Speeding often occurs through a lack of concentration. A speed alert is just the ticket to stop those annoying speeding fines.
In general, the speed of the vehicle is varied according to the accelerator pedal position. The concept used in developing the model is detecting the speed of the vehicle using microcontroller and controlling the speed by slowing down the speed and also generating alarm and sending message. The figure above shows the block diagram of model. It consists of microcontroller 8051, Hall Effect sensor, speedometer and alarm for making alarm sound. The speed of the vehicle is configurable. Device will operate using vehicle’s battery. Message will also be configurable.
The procedure to implement is, first we have to connect the device to the vehicle in such a way that two wires are connected to the battery and two wires to the speedometer. Set the speed limit. Drive the vehicle. Now, the microcontroller will sense the pulses from the Hall Effect sensor and check the speed limit.
Microcontroller is used has a hardware interface. It is used to take the input from Hall Effect sensor and used to determine speed of vehicle. This Hall Effect sensor is present in the wheels of a vehicle. The pulses produced by the Hall Effect sensor are sensed by microcontroller. Thus, microcontroller takes pulses as input and thus the speed produced is the output
(which is the actual speed of the vehicle).Working of hall effect sensor is that it generates a pulse each time the magnet comes near it, once every revolution of the shaft. Then the pulses are fed to counter, and count the number of pulses in specific time interval.eg 50 counted pulses in one sec time interval means the shaft is turning at :50rev/sec=3000rev/minute. Now the micro controller checks the speed of the vehicle. If the speed limit is exceeding the set value it will alert the driver using panic alarm.
1.7 PROJECT LIMITATION
In an automobile over-speed warning system, the driver of the vehicle can set or select a speed limit anytime, and when the speed of his or her vehicle exceeds that speed limit, a warning to the driver will follow.
1.8 PROBLEM OF THE PROJECT
The only problem of this work is that: using the panic alarm, when a person is driving, an unduly harsh warning may be startling, and may cause an involuntary reaction that could be dangerous to the driver and to others.
1.9 PROJECT ORGANIZATION
This report is divided into 5 chapters.
Chapter 1 Introduction gives a brief introduction to Commercial Vehicle Speed Warning System and specifications of project being done. Thesis introduction, background of the project, objective, purpose, significance, limitation, and problem the project are also explained briefly.
Chapter 2 Literature Review presents more specific discussions on the speed warning system such as history and classifications of vehicle speed tracking and monitoring systems and definition as well as features and applications of these systems.
Chapter 3 Methodology features the synthesis steps and methodology used to design the Commercial Vehicle Speed Warning System. The tools acquired are listed and the design and development of software and hardware are explained. Majority part of the project is emphasized on the programming and verification.
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion contains the details of the Commercial Vehicle Speed Warning System, including the feature and construction of the warning system. Besides that, the data setting and retrieving process between subsystems of the Commercial Vehicle Speed Warning System are also explained.
Chapter 5 Conclusion is the conclusion being made for the project being done. Apart from that, suggestion of future improvement of this project is discussed.
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