The project is titled design and construction of an automatic gate opener using motion detecting sensor. Opening and closing of doors is always a tedious job, especially in places like shopping malls, hotels and theatres where a person is always required to open the door for visitors.
This project proposes a system of automatic opening and closing of door by using sensors. The PIR sensor transmitter emit infrared radiation  from a considerable distance and sends it to the receiver, commanding the receiver to either open the gate or to close it. This sensing signal is fed to a controller to operate a door motor through motor driver IC. The sensor sends a logical command to open the door. The door automatically closes with a fixed time delay.

 

CHAPTER ONE
1.1                                                        INTRODUCTION
The motion detector is not only used as intruder alarm but also used in many applications like home automation system, energy efficiency system, etc. The motion detector will detect the motion of the people or objects and give the appropriate output according to the circuit. In general, motion detector uses different types of sensors like Passive infrared sensor (which will detect the motion of the person using the person body heat), microwave sensor (Microwave sensor will detect the motion of person by measuring the change in frequency from the produced beam), ultrasonic sensor (It produces acoustic signals which will detect the motion of a person)
This work puts forward an automatic door opening system based on human movement sensing near the door. Opening a door in places like hotels, Shopping complexes, and offices can be a tedious task and sometimes requires hiring a person just for the sake of opening door whenever a person arrives.
Well this project proposes a system that allows for automatic door opening solution by sensing human presence near it. This system achieves this functionality with the help of PIR sensors. PIR stands for passive infrared sensors. Every live body emits some infrared energy. This energy is sensed by a PIR sensor from a good distance. This signal is then processed and door is opened and closed based on this data. When a living being arrives within the sensor range, it detects its presence and sends out a command that opens the door. The door then automatically closes after a specific time delay if there is no further motion near the door. The system can be later enhanced by integrating counter mechanism so as to keep track of the number of persons inside the facility.

This project proposes a system of automatic opening and closing of door by detecting the presence or movement of human with the coverage of the sensor. This is achieved with help of a PIR (Passive Infrared) sensor. When the sensor detects movement, the sensor emits infrared energy which is been received by the receiver from a considerable distance. This sensing signal is fed to a controller to operate a door motor through motor driver IC.

1.2                                         BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
The first motion detector was invented in the early 1950s by Samuel Bango, and which was a burglar alarm. He applied the fundamentals of a radar to ultrasonic waves – a frequency to detect fire or thief and that which human beings cannot hear. Samuel motion detector is based on the principle of Doppler Effect. Nowadays, most of the motion detectors work on the principle of Samuel Bango’s detector. IR sensors and microwave sensors can detect motion by the alterations in the frequencies they emit.
Motion detectors are used as security systems in banks, offices and shopping malls, and also as intruder alarm in home. The prevailing motion detectors can stop serious accidents by sensing the persons who are in close proximity to the detector. We can observe motion detectors in shopping malls or stores with automatic doors. The main element in the motion detector circuit is the dual infrared reflective sensor or any other detecting sensor.
An electronic motion detector contains an optical, microwave, or acoustic sensor, and in many cases a transmitter for illumination. However, a passive sensor only senses a signal emitted by the moving object itself. Changes in the optical, microwave, or acoustic field in the device's proximity are interpreted by the electronics based on one of the technologies listed below. Most inexpensive motion detectors can detect up to distances of at least 15 feet (5 meters). Specialized systems are more expensive but have much longer ranges. Tomographic motion detection systems can cover much larger areas because the radio waves are at frequencies which penetrate most walls and obstructions, and are detected in multiple locations, not just at the location of the transmitter.
Motion detectors have found wide use in domestic and commercial applications. One common application is activation of automatic door openers in businesses and public buildings. Motion sensors are also widely used in lieu of a true occupancy sensor in activating street lights or indoor lights in walkways (such as lobbies and staircases). In such "Smart Lighting" systems, energy is conserved by only powering the lights for the duration of a timer, after which the person has presumably left the area. A motion detector may be among the sensors of a burglar alarm that is used to alert the home owner or security service when it detects the motion of a possible intruder. Such a detector may also trigger a security camera in order to record the possible intrusion.
However, having discuss about the various way motion detection are been used, in this work, Motion detectors are used as security systems in banks, offices and shopping malls to automatically control the opening and closing of door using passive infrared sensor (PIR) which detects the presence of human around the door, then opens the door.

1.3                                             OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The objective of this work is constructing a device that will automatically open a door by detecting the presence of human approaching the door.

1.4                                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The principle of the project lies in the functioning of the PIR Sensor. A PIR or Passive Infra-red Sensor, as the name indicates, doesn’t emit infrared rays but only detects them.
All humans emit infrared radiations in the form of body heat. A PIR Sensor will capture the difference between the room temperature and body temperature in the form of change in infrared radiation. This change in infrared pattern is converted to a voltage. The voltage from the Data Out of the PIR Sensor can be given to an integrated circuit for further processing like controlling a motor. This work was built around : transformer, an ic, transistor, PIR sensor, diodes, motor with sliding door, Motor Driver IC

1.5                                         SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
This automatic door operates with the help of motion sensors. Sensors do exactly what they sound like they’d do: they sense things.
For example, some automatic doors operate when they’re triggered by sensors that sense movement of human being approaching the door, the sensors send a signal to the automatic doors that tells them to open.
Automatic doors sensors might be mounted above a set of automatic doors or built on the top or the sides of the frame of the automatic doors.
When these motion sensors sense motion nearby, they trigger the automatic doors to open and then close. This is why, when you approach a set of automatic doors, they will open as soon as you get close enough to activate the sensors.
Automatic doors have many useful purposes, which is why you can find them in many different types of locations. From supermarkets to airports and many types of large buildings, automatic doors make it easier for people to get into and out of buildings. They are especially helpful for people who are handicapped.
Similar to revolving doors, automatic doors also help to save energy, since they limit the amount of time that doors are open to only those times people are entering or exiting a building. And if you’ve ever shopped until your hands are full of bags.
This automatic door do not need any physical effort to open or close. It has sensors, once the sensor senses the presence of human being it opens.
Automatic doors are durable, strong and can be available in customized sizes. It is a first security system of your property, giving you a sense of security. Automatic door  provide a security to your kids who can play safe inside the property without any interference of outsiders.
It is very convenient to enter and leave the automatic door. You can activate even you are 20-30 metres away from it. No longer have you had to come down from your cars to open your gates.
Incase your neighborhood is unsafe and insecure, your gate can actually be opened from safe distance and drive in quickly without having to waste time coming down from your vehicle. The system eliminates cost of employing men just to open your gates.

1.6                                               PROBLEMS OF THE PROJECT
Motion based automatic door have some problem:

•  it has a limited distance to detect the motion
• if a motion sensor for the automatic door is not mounted securely, normal vibration, sign, plants and neon light can trigger the door open.
• It cannot detect the small objects such as insects or raindrop.
• Things may trigger the motion detector that you don't want to. An outside detector mounted too close to a light that stays on at night, will be triggered continuously by bugs.
• The set shutoff time of the motion sensor may be too short (maybe only 30 seconds). For outside lights with a motion detector, if you want more "on time", it's best to buy a model with an adjustable shutoff time.
• The reliability of a motion sensor may also be affected by rapid environmental changes and direct sunlight. Also, things like a fireplace, and direct wind from an air conditioner or heater. This is because a PIR sensor actually detects changes in infrared energy - specifically, the "heat energy" emitted by normal human skin temperature.

 

1.7                                           LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

• The establishment of electric entryways involves a good amount of money related use. This ranges from buying the gate to services for installation. to paying for the administration of the installers.
• Most of the companies give free after sales services to a certain period of time. However, it is super costly after the time period is lapsed.
• In case of power failure, malfunctioning system or anyone trapped inside your property can cause inconvenience.
• This device has a limited range to cover.

1.8                                          APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

Motion based automatic door aren't just used for home security only. In industrial fields, they are used on assembly lines to keep track of the number of products and to shut down dangerous equipment if a person gets too close. Here are a few other ways PIR sensors are used:

• To open and close automatic Doors
• To turn on and off automatic water faucets and toilets
• To turn on lights when a person enters a room
• To control ATM displays
• At automatic ticket gates
• For some parking meters

1.9                          PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to motion based automatic door opener. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of motion based automatic door opener were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of motion based automatic door opener. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.

 

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