USER'S INSTRUCTIONS: The project work you are about to view is on "design and construction of a proximity sensor". Please, sit back and study the below research material carefully. This project topic (design and construction of a proximity sensor) have complete 5(five) Chapters. The complete Project Material/writeup include: Abstract + Introduction + etc + Literature Review + methodology + etc + Conclusion + Recommendation + References/Bibliography.Our aim of providing this "design and construction of a proximity sensor" project research material is to reduce the stress of moving from one school library to another all in the name of searching for "design and construction of a proximity sensor" research materials. We are not encouraging any form of plagiarism. This service is legal because, all institutions permit their s[tudents to read previous projects, books, articles or papers while developing their own works.
TITLE PAGE
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A PROXIMITY SENSOR
BY
---
--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "design and construction of a proximity sensor" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
--- . ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION: This work "design and construction of a proximity sensor" research material is a complete and well researched project material strictly for academic purposes, which has been approved by different Lecturers from different higher institutions. We made Preliminary pages, Abstract and Chapter one of "design and construction of a proximity sensor" visible for everyone, then the complete material on "design and construction of a proximity sensor" is to be ordered for. Happy viewing!!!
Proximity sensor detects the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact. Examples of proximity sensor usage include detecting an out-of-paper condition in a printer or a mobile phone screen that dims to save battery life when placed near a face.
Proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation, and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor's target.
Their operating principle is based on a high frequency oscillator that creates a field in the close surroundings of the sensing surface. The presence of a metallic object (inductive) or any material (capacitive) in the operating area causes a change of the oscillation amplitude. The rise or fall of such oscillation is identified by a threshold circuit that changes the output state of the sensor. The operating distance of the sensor depends on the actuator's shape and size and is strictly linked to the nature of the material. This study is aimed at building an inductive type of proximity sensor.
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
- AIM AND OBJECTIVES
- SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
- STUDY LIMITATIONS/DELIMITATION
CHAPTER TWO
- LITERATURE REVIEW
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF THE STUDY
- REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
- REVIEW OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROXIMITY SENSORS
- PROPOSED SYSTEM
CHAPTER THREE
- CONSTRUCTION
- BLOCK DIAGRAM
- PROXIMITY SENSOR CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC
- SYSTEM OPERATION
- CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
- DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED
CHAPTER FOUR
- RESULT ANALYSIS
- INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLETED DESIGN
- CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
- CASING AND PACKAGING
- ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
- TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
- PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
5.3 REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Sensors are devices used to provide information on the presence or absence of an object. It measures the closeness of body to obstacles (both animate and inanimate) that may not be visible to the driver or that the driver may yet not have realized (NEMA, 2013).
Previous researcher has discussed the proximity issue in construction including injury and fatality statistics of collisions between construction equipment and workers. Because construction projects often involve many repetitive tasks, construction workers can experience decreased awareness and loss of focus (Pratt et al. 2001, Teizer et al. 2010). Construction equipment operator visibility, specifically operator blind spots, can be a major factor in contact collisions between construction equipment and ground workers (Fullerton et al. 2009). A real-time proximity detection and warning system is needed on construction jobsites to warn equipment operators of hazardous proximity situations.
Proximity Detection Sensors detect and measure and detect the presence of an object or person with making contact. The proximity detection devices offer a wide range of performance, and compensates for ambient light, allowing it to operate in environments ranging from bright sunlight to dark rooms. The wide dynamic range allows operation in short-distance detection applications behind dark glass, such as cell phones. Proximity Detection Sensors can be used for a mechanical switch replacement or to sense human gesturing.
A proximity sensor detects the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact.
A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor's target. Different proximity sensor targets demand different sensors. For example, a capacitive or photoelectric sensor might be suitable for a plastic target; an inductive proximity sensor always requires a metal target.
The maximum distance that this sensor can detect is defined "nominal range". Some sensors have adjustments of the nominal range or means to report a graduated detection distance.
Proximity sensors can have a high reliability and long functional life because of the absence of mechanical parts and lack of physical contact between sensor and the sensed object.
Proximity sensors are commonly used on smart-phones to detect (and skip) accidental touch-screen taps when held to the ear during a call. They are also used in machine vibration monitoring to measure the variation in distance between a shaft and its support bearing. This is common in large steam turbines, compressors, and motors that use sleeve-type bearings.
Historitical Background of Proximity Detector
The proximity switch is one of the oldest electronic components in automation. It has been continuously reinvented over the years to keep pace with ever-changing requirements.
Fifty years ago, when Walter Pepperl and his colleague Wilfried Gehl were commissioned by BASF to find an alternative to mechanical contacts, they had no idea that they would set a milestone in the development of automation technology. The challenge was to develop a robust component that would operate reliably after many thousands of switching cycles at very low switching currents, in the corrosive atmosphere of a chemical plant.
As trained radio engineers, they knew what happens when a metallic object approaches a coil system. With the bi-polar transistor, which William B. Shockley had invented 10 years earlier, the two engineers had at their disposal a new compact component with which the damping of an oscillating circuit could be easily evaluated and converted into a switching signal. The invention of the proximity switch is consequently an early example of how communications engineering expertise advances automation technology.
In the early years, application of the inductive proximity switch was restricted to the chemical industry, where problems with mechanical contact wear due to the low currents used and the resulting absence of cleansing through contact erosion, were the most severe.
However, in the early 1960s, people began to appreciate the practically unlimited service life of these switches in other automation applications. So it was no surprise when Pepperl+Fuchs introduced an inductive version of the roller lever limit switch on the market in 1968. This device shared mounting compatibility with its mechanical counterpart and had the option of five different positions for the active sensor surface, so that any possible travel direction of the mechanical switch could be replicated.
In those days it was not yet possible to reproduce all the different voltage ranges electronically. Nevertheless, the 60 different versions of proximity switch required as a result could not prevent its success on the market. The absence of wear was a major advantage for the reliability of automation systems.
Ten years later, the next-generation device was presented, which simplified applications. The user could now change the active sensor surface himself and the amplifiers with different voltage ranges could be easily replaced by insertion. This proximity switch design continues to be one of the highest selling, but the development of this technology has resulted in much greater variety.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Devices such as limit switches detect an object by contacting it which can cause low response, abrasion or damage to the object , affect the service life and also subject to environment. To overcome this problem a proximity sensor was built. Proximity Sensors convert information on the movement or presence of an object into an electrical signal. Proximity Sensors detect an object without touching it, and they therefore do not cause abrasion or damage to the object.Detection takes place with almost no effect from dirt, oil, or water on the object being detected.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The main aim of this work is to build a device that will detect the presence of an object without making physical contact with the object. At the end of this work the following objective shall be achieved:
- A device that converts information on the movement or presence of an object into an electrical signal shall be built.
- The connection and operation of inductive circuit shall be known.
- Operation, application and connection of the device shall also be known.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH
Proximity sensor comes in various design voltages and ohms the choice of a particular sensor then depends on its application. The project tends to cover the design of distance sensor inductive circuit to indicated obstacles at close proximity to the device. Their operating principle is based on a coil and oscillator that creates an electromagnetic field in the close surroundings of the sensing surface.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
An advantage with these sensors is that they are capable of detecting both metallic and non-metallic targets whose dielectric constant is more than that of air. They are generally low cost and have good resolution, stability, high speed and low power usage. Proximity sensors detect the presence or absence of an object. Examples of proximity sensor usage include detecting an out-of-paper condition in a printer or a mobile phone screen that dims to save battery life when placed near a face.
Proximity sensors can be used in industrial, automotive and consumer applications.
1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
Proximity sensor was choosing because of its advantages it has over contact making sensors such as:
Proximity Sensors detect an object without touching it, and they therefore do not cause abrasion or damage to the object.
Devices such as limit switches detect an object by contacting it, but Proximity Sensors are able to detect the presence of the object electrically, without having to touch it.
No contacts are used for output, so the Sensor has a longer service life (excluding sensors that use magnets).
Proximity Sensors use semiconductor outputs, so there are no contacts to affect the service life
Unlike optical detection methods, Proximity Sensors are suitable for use in locations where water or oil is used. Detection takes place with almost no effect from dirt, oil, or water on the object being detected.
1.7 STUDY LIMITATIONS/DELIMITATION
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design and construction of a proximity sensor" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and construction of a proximity sensor" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "design and construction of a proximity sensor" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and construction of a proximity sensor" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and construction of a proximity sensor" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and construction of a proximity sensor" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and construction of a proximity sensor" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a "design and construction of a proximity sensor" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and construction of a proximity sensor" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
To "DOWNLOAD" the complete material on this particular topic above click "HERE"
Do you want our Bank Accounts? please click HERE
To view other related topics click HERE
To "SUMMIT" new topic(s), develop a new topic OR you did not see your topic on our site but want to confirm the availiability of your topic click HERE
Do you want us to research your new topic? if yes, click "HERE"
Do you have any question concerning our post/services? click HERE for answers to your questions
For more information contact us through any of the following means:
Mobile No 
:+2348146561114 or +2347015391124 [Mr. Innocent]
Email address 
:engr4project@gmail.com
Watsapp No 
:+2348146561114
COUNTRIES THAT FOUND OUR SERVICES USEFUL
Australia, Botswana, Canada, Europe, Ghana, Ireland, India, Kenya, Liberia, Malaysia, Namibia, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Uganda, United States, United Kindom, Zambia, Zimbabwe, etc
Support: +234 8146561114 or +2347015391124
Watsapp No :+2348146561114
Email Address :engr4project@gmail.com
FOLLOW / VISIT US VIA:
