The velocity of sound in air may be found quite simply by using the resonance of a column of air in a tube. A tuning fork of known frequency is sounded over the upper end, the air in the tube vibrates and a note is heard. The length of the air column is adjusted by raising the tube out of the water until a point is found where resonance occurs and a loud note is produced using a resonance tube.
Resonance tube partially filled with water and forced into vibration by a tuning fork. The tuning fork is the object that forced the air inside of the resonance tube into resonance. As the tines of the tuning fork vibrate at their own natural frequency, they created sound waves that impinge upon the opening of the resonance tube.

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE
1.1                                                        INTRODUCTION
When a vibrating object sets up air vibrations in an enclosed space, the sound vibrations in the air are very weak at some frequencies, and strong at other frequencies. The frequencies at which the sound vibrations are strong are called resonant frequencies of the system, and these are easily recognized by listening to the sound intensity. Altering the shape or size of the enclosed volume will give a different set of resonant frequencies.
Resonance occurs because the walls of the enclosure restrict the ways in which the air inside can vibrate. Each of the ways it can vibrate is called a mode of vibration. The number of different modes of any container is infinite, but there are not allowed modes for every frequency.
When the air within an enclosure is set into periodic vibration, the values of many measurable quantities change periodically with time. Such quantities as particle position, velocity, pressure, density, and even temperature vary periodically. The average size of the variation of any one quantity is different in different parts of the medium. There may be certain points in the medium where a particular quantity is not varying at all. Such a region is called a node of that quantity. A region where the variation of a quantity has a relative maximum is called an antinode of that quantity.
This work is on construction of a resonance tube which is a hollow cylindrical tube. The resonance tube gives an easy way to vary the length of the closed tube. This tube can be used to determine the speed of sound in air. 

1.2                                             OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The objective of the work is to construct a tube which is like a wind instrument that when excite the air in the tube and if the frequency of this “driving” force happens to be roughly equal to the resonant frequency of the tube, you get a nice clear standing wave in the tube. 

1.3                                              PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
Resonance tube is of two different types: a tube or pipe open at both ends, and the one closed at one end and open at the other. However, the purpose of this work to build a resonance tube that closed at one end and open at the other.

1.4                                         SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

Resonance tube is an important consideration for instrument builders, as most acoustic instruments use resonators, such as the strings and body of a violin, the length of tube in a flute, and the shape of a drum membrane. Acoustic resonance is also important for hearing. For example, resonance of a stiff structural element, called the basilar membrane within the cochlea of the inner ear allows hair cells on the membrane to detect sound. (For mammals the membrane has tapering resonances across its length so that high frequencies are concentrated on one end and low frequencies on the other.)

1.5                                          APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
Strings under tension, as in instruments such as lutes, harps, guitars, pianos, violins and so forth, have resonant frequencies directly related to the mass, length, and tension of the string. The wavelength that will create the first resonance on the string is equal to twice the length of the string. Resonance tube is used in modern orchestral flutes. Clarinets and lip-reed instruments (brass instruments) behave as closed cylindrical pipes; and saxophones, oboes, and bassoons as closed conical pipes. Vibrating air columns also have resonances at harmonics, like strings.

 

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