DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A SIGNAL GENERATOR
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BY
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--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
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APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "design and construction of a signal generator" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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This work is on signal generator. A signal generator is a signal source that has the capability of producing different types of waveforms as its output signal. The most common output waveforms are sine-waves, triangular waves, square waves, and sawtooth waves. The frequencies of such waveforms may be adjusted from a fraction of a hertz to several hundred kHz. Actually, the signal generators are very versatile instruments as they are capable of producing a wide variety of waveforms and frequencies. In fact, each of the waveforms they generate is particularly suitable for a different group of applications.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
- LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- METHODOLOGY
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- OVEVIEW OF THE STUDY
- OVERVIEW OF SIGNAL GENERATOR
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SIGNAL GENERATOR
- REVIEW OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SIGNAL GENERATORS
- WORKING OF FUNCTION GENERATORS
- REVIEW OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF WAVEFORM
- SINE-WAVE OSCILLATOR DEFINED
- REQUIREMENTS FOR OSCILLATION
- PHASE SHIFT IN THE OSCILLATOR
- GAIN IN THE OSCILLATOR
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
- BLOCK DIAGRAM
- CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
- DESIGN ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULT ANALYSIS
- CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
- CASING AND PACKAGING
- ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
- TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- RECOMMENDATION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Signal generator is an electronic device that generates electronic signals and waveform. These electronic signals are either repeating or non-repeating as per the requirements and field of applications. Signal generators in all their forms are widely used within test and development systems, being used with other test instruments.
When looking at what a signal generator is, it will be seen that they come in many forms - there are many signal generator types, each one being used to provide a different form of signal. Some provide RF signals, others audio signals, some can provide different shapes of waveform and others may provide just pulses.
Signal generators have been used for many years. Early types were very basic by the standard of today’s different types of signal generator. Performance levels as well as the variety of facilities that are available have increased and improved.
There are different types of signal generators with different level of capability and functionality. All the signal generators have different designs, different dimensions, and parameters. So, the variety of generators serves different purposes and covers a range of applications. The signal generators are used in designing, repairing of electronic devices, and in troubleshooting. Every versatile signal generator can create unlimited number of signals to meet the debug challenges. You can vary the output of the signal generator by setting the amplitude and frequency of the output signal while a simulation is in the process. A signal generator is piece of test equipment that produces an electrical signal in the form of a wave. This is used as a stimulus for the item being tested.
1.2 AIM OF THE PROJECT
The main aim of this work is to build a piece of electronic test equipment used to generate different types of electrical waveforms over a wide range of frequencies. Some of the most common waveforms produced by the function generator are the sine wave , square wave, triangular wave and sawtooth shapes. These waveforms can be either repetitive or single-shot (which requires an internal or external trigger source). Integrated circuits IS used to generate waveforms of the signal generator.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
The generation of signal is an important development in the troubleshooting and development of electronic design. The generator is used to provide known test conditions for the performance evaluation of electronic system design and for replacing signals that are missing in systems during repairing work. Most commonly they generate sine waves.
1.4 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of this work is to generate simple repetitive waveforms. Typically this signal generator type will produce waveforms or functions such as sine waves, sawtooth waveforms, square and triangular waveforms. But in this work we are considering a square waveform.
1.5 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
- Signal sweeps to get transfer functions of an analog circuit
- Generate clock signals at various frequencies or with varying degrees of phase modulation to test circuit stability
- RF signal generators can be mixed together to generate complex signals for testing mixers and similar RF components
1.6 PROBLEM OF THE PROJECT
i. The problem notice in signal generator is that when we connect the signal generator to the oscilloscope with a BNC cable and proceed to create a simple signal to measure, the amplitude measured on the oscilloscope does not match what you set on the signal generator. The sine wave may read 1V peak-to-peak (Vpp) on the signal generator, and yet on the oscilloscope, it says 20Vpp or 2Vpp.
ii. It requires time to set the output frequencies.
1.7 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to this study. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of this study were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of the study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
At the end of this a sine pulse width modulation was build using all the complete components as listed in the circuit as shown in the chapter three of this work.
During the test, this device was connected to an oscillator which displays the waveform. In having this result we can boldly say that our aim was achieved.
Op-amp oscillators are restricted to the lower end of the frequency spectrum because they do not have the required bandwidth to achieve low phase shift at high frequencies. The new current-feedback op amps have a much greater bandwidth than their voltage-feedback counterparts, but they are very difficult to use in oscillator circuits because of their sensitivity to feedback capacitance. Voltage-feedback op amps are limited to a few hundred kHz (at the most) because of their low frequency roll off. The bandwidth is reduced when op amps are cascaded due to the multiple contribution of phase shift.
The Wien-bridge oscillator has few parts and good frequency stability, but the basic circuit has high output distortion. AGC improves the distortion considerably, particularly in the lower frequency range. Nonlinear feedback offers the best performance over the mid- and upper-frequency ranges. The phase-shift oscillator has high output distortion and, without buffering, requires a high gain, which limits its use to very low frequencies. The decreasing cost of op amps and components has reduced the popularity of phase-shift oscillators. The quadrature oscillator only requires two op amps, has reasonable distortion, and offers both sine and cosine waveforms. The drawback is the low amplitude, which can be increased using an additional gain stage, but with the penalty of greatly reduced bandwidth.
This project is designed to be used in designing appliances that can be used in our electronics Lab and industries. I hereby recommend that if failure occurs it should be maintain by a qualified personnel.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design and construction of a signal generator" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and construction of a signal generator" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "design and construction of a signal generator" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and construction of a signal generator" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and construction of a signal generator" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and construction of a signal generator" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and construction of a signal generator" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "design and construction of a signal generator" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and construction of a signal generator" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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