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TITLE PAGE

 

BY

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--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---

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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "design and construction of a solar mobile phone powered charging station" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.

By
---                                                     . ---
Supervisor                                                  Head of Department.
Signature……………….                           Signature……………….        

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External Invigilator

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.

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This device makes use 12v solar panel to charge a six volt battery set that will be possibly employed to charge different models of mobile phones and other handy gadgets. This solar powered charging station is designed so that devices can be charged outdoors and in an environmentally friendly way. This system converts solar energy to electricity and stores it in a battery bank. A microcontroller prevents the batteries from being overcharged and prevents the system from being used when the batteries need charging. The output of this device is tapped via USB plug shown in the circuit.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0    INTRODUCTION
1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

1. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
2. AIM OF THE PROJECT
3. PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
4. LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
5. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
6. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
7. PROBLEM OF THE PROJECT
8. APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
9. PROJECT MOTIVATION

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

1. BACKGROUND LITERATURE SURVEY
2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SOLAR CELLS
3. THEORY OF SOLAR CELLS
4. EFFICIENCIES OF SOLAR PANEL
5. BENEFITS OF SOLAR CHARGING UNIT
6. HISTORY OF PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY
7. SOLAR PANEL TECHNOLOGIES

CHAPTER THREE
3.0    DESIGN METHODOLOGY

1. SYSTEM BLOCK DESCRIPTION
2. SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3. COMPONENT SELECTION
4. MICROCONTROLLER CIRCUIT LAYOUT
5. MICROCONTROLLER CODE
6. PROGRAM FLOW
7. STORAGE STAGE
8. WOODEN ENCLOSURE PARTS
9. TOOLS USED
10. SOLAR PANEL CONNECTION PROCEDURES
11. SOLAR PANEL MOUNTING SYSTEMS

CHAPTER FOUR
TESTING AND RESULTS

1. CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
2. INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLET DESIGN 
3. ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4. TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION

CHAPTER FIVE

1. CONCLUSION
2. RECOMMENDATION
3. REFERENCES

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.               INTRODUTION

In the past couple of years, advancements in technology put devices in our pockets that we could not have even dreamed of years ago. However, these devices often have drawbacks. One of the most pressing issues with phones, tablets, and laptop PCs is power. We have not yet been able to develop efficient energy sources to match the efficiency of our devices. In fact, many laptops can drain a standard battery from a full charge in a matter of a couple hours.
In rural areas of developing countries many households do not have access to electricity and power their radios with dry cell batteries or use candles and kerosene lamps for domestic lighting. Some employ car batteries that are charged in stations for lighting and entertainment.
Battery charging stations (BCSs) can be a viable option to provide electricity in un-electrified areas and where incomes are insufficient to pay for solutions like solar home systems (SHS).
In electrified areas grid-based BCSs moreover can serve to extend access to electricity to those who have no direct connection in their home, thus profiting indirectly from the electricity infrastructure.
Charged (car) batteries in fact can provide services comparable to the upper end of the pico PV range at lower investment costs, though running costs eventually are higher.
A little electricity, like from car batteries, can considerably improve living conditions of its users. Electrically powered lamps improve domestic working conditions at night in particular for women and can also enhance studying conditions for children, not only because of the better light but also since they reduce fire hazard and do not emit noxious pollutants. Other services that are highly valued and only require a little electricity as can e.g. be delivered by car batteries are radio and tv for information and entertainment, and air circulation (fans) for basic cooling. Also mobile phones, crucial for access to modern communication, helping people in rural areas to obtain information and thus e.g. facilitating commercial operations, can easily be charged off car-batteries, though they can also be charged directly at a BCS. In order to provide such services a car battery should be recharged a few times a month.
To a small extent, electricity from charged (car) batteries can also contribute to raising incomes of small businesses and handicraft, especially in communal market towns. Shop owners, for example, can open their shops in the evenings thus not only raising their income, but also delivering an improved service to the community.
In such schemes mostly lead-acid wet cell car-, truck- and / or motorcycle batteries are used as they are most easily available on the market, either new or second hand, and as they are produced locally in some countries. While thus often the least cost option, this type of (starter) batteries cannot really stand deep discharging as normally done when used for such services, implying their capacity is decreasing over time and their effective lifespan is limited. Proper deep-cycle batteries have much better performance in such set-ups but often are hard to find and cost a lot more.
Electricity from rechargeable batteries can provide a lot more service at far lower costs than disposable dry cell batteries. They are also the environmentally friendlier option provided their eventual disposal / recycling, is properly organised, which in itself is worth doing.
The batteries are transported to the nearest grid, diesel or solar-based battery charging station where they are recharged for a fee. In addition to that fee, running cost of the system may thus include the transport costs to and from the BCS. Diesel generators can charge a limited number of batteries at a time, and service costs highly depend on diesel costs. Grid based charging stations are usually less subject to quantity restrictions and changing diesel prices, but might be located far from the rural population. Solar battery charging stations (SBCS) constructed in rural areas are an alternative solution to provide the local population with energy for basic needs and reduce the time and expenses required for travelling.
This work is proposing a solution that will provide power to charge devices using power generated from solar energy.

1.1                                                   BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
The world, especially Nigeria, relies heavily on non-renewable energy sources such as coal, oil and natural gas. These come from fossil fuels that are environmentally damaging to retrieve and use, and become more expensive every day. Fortunately, there are many types of renewable energy such as solar power, hydropower, wind power, geothermal power, and biomass. Nowadays, the focus is on researching and developing the use of these renewable energies to make our planet safer, cleaner and enjoyable to inhabit during our brief journey on earth. Solar power is one of the easiest to implement renewable energy technologies. One of the strengths of solar power is its ability to deliver energy in areas where there is not access to the electrical grid.
Utilizing this technology our goal is to design a portable Solar Charging Station (SCS) and build a proof of concept prototype to demonstrate the viability of this idea. To meet our goal, we propose using thin films photovoltaic cells mounted on top of an umbrella. A maximum power of 360W is collected by the photovoltaic cells and tracked by a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) system. The output of from the MPPT charges a lithium ion battery pack. This battery in turn powers a 6v USB, and 220vAC output. Our product is designed using the components and materials light enough to be semi-portable and easy to move from different location of a patio to another. It is easy to see that application of such a product in areas such as the restaurant and hospitality business, for institutional use such as at schools and universities, as well as for home use.

1.2                                             OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The main objective of this work is to build a device which is constructed to be used in rural areas to provide alternative solution to provide the local population with energy for basic needs and reduce the time and expenses required for travelling. This project will be required to take energy from the sun generated by solar panels and convert the energy to DC voltage via the inverter, which will be able to charge cellphones.

1.3                                                   AIM OF THE PROJECT
The aim of this project is to investigate the problem of providing an outdoor power source for charging devices in an environmentally friendly way to help reduce the demand of power from other methods. Our aim for this project will not only be to generate power from solar energy, but to also conduct research to improve the efficiency of solar panels. This device converts 12v from solar panel to 6vwhich is the cell phone charging voltage using 6v regulator (that is, 7806 regulator).

1.4                                              PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The main purpose of this work is to provide a viable option to provide electricity in un-electrified areas and where incomes are insufficient to pay for solutions like solar home systems (SHS).

1.5                                              PROBLEM OF THE PROJECT
One of the problem noticed in this work is the cost. The cost of installing the device including the costs for the construction of the building; for the bigger SBCSs costs are roughly proportionally higher.
Another problem to this project will be to maximize the solar efficiency to provide the most power to the system that can be generated by the solar panels. Weather and solar patterns must be accounted for when making all of the calculations for the efficiency and output of the solar panels. Climate factors, such as clouds, moisture, haze, dust, and  smog will have a degrading effect on the output power of the station’s panel array.
Obtaining the greatest amount of sunlight throughout the day needs to be for optimum output. Different enhancements to the solar panels such as adding solar concentrators or a solar tracking device may be necessary adding to the cost. Research on these devices is currently being done so that we may incorporate them into the final product while we test the smaller components of the charging station.

1.6                                         SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
This device helps in keep devices running most especially in rural areas where mains power supply is always an issue
To a small extent, electricity from this device or charged batteries can also contribute to raising incomes of small businesses and handicraft, especially in communal market towns. Shop owners, for example, can open their shops in the evenings thus not only raising their income, but also delivering an improved service to the community.

1.7                                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
we determined that this project would need to follow the example of any electrical system. It must have a source, a function, and an output. For our source, we will be using solar panels optimized with solar tracking. The system will contain the charge controller for preventing the battery from overcharging and an inverter to convert tiny 3 Volt to 6v DC stored in the batteries.
1.8                                         APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT
The application of the project includes public places like:

1. Village square
2. Worship places
3. Markets
4. Industries
5. Offices.
6. Cities

1.9                                                        PROJECT MOTIVATION
Recently, there has been an increasing push from environmental and budget forces to pursue research in power systems, to reduce emissions from fossil fuels, and to accelerate the implementation of more renewable energy [1]. The need for these systems to integrate into dynamic environments will be the impetus for restructuring existing power technologies, as well as formulating new ones.
In higher institution student have to sometimes from place to place outside the school premises in other to recharge their cellphone and other portable rechargeable appliances such as lantern. Due to this issues, this device was introduced and invented.

1.10                                               LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
1. This project will be required to take energy from the sun generated by solar panels and convert the energy to dc |6v| voltage, which will be able to power most electronic devices.
2. It must also be able to keep track of its solar efficiency and be able to maintain the maximum amount of solar energy possible with the given environmental and weather conditions
3. The biggest constraint to this project will be to maximize the solar efficiency to provide the most power to the system that can be generated by the solar panels. Weather and solar patterns must be accounted for when making all of the calculations for the efficiency and output of the solar panels.
4. Climate factors, such as clouds, moisture, haze, dust, and smog will have a degrading effect on the output power of the station’s panel array. Obtaining the greatest amount of sunlight throughout the day needs to be for optimum output. Different enhancements to the solar panels such as adding solar concentrators or a solar tracking device may be necessary adding to the cost. Research on these devices is currently being done so that we may incorporate them into the final product while we test the smaller components of the charging station.
5. Another constraint is to ensure the efficiency of the battery system which will be used to store the energy from the solar panels. Measures must be taken to prevent damaging the batteries by over charging them. Deep cycle batteries will be used since they are able to handle charging and discharging very well.
6. Ensuring proper safety regulations are met is another constraint dependent upon the electrical design, but more importantly is the overall structure of the station. Building and safety codes must be researched and implemented. A stand -alone structure poses significantly less risk regarding fire safety when proper precautions are taken during site preparation.

7. We have not yet conducted research into the structure of the system, but upon the successful testing of the electronics, this will be a major focus of the final product. Not only do we want a successful product, but we want to make sure it is ethical and is safe for all.

 

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0                                                      CONCLUSION
At the end of this work a solar MOBILE phone charging station was designed and was tested okay. The problem with just a solar cell to charge things is that you can only charge a device when the sun is shining. If you want to charge something at night, there's no way to make use of all the sun's energy that was hitting the solar panel during the day--there's a lot of wasted power unless you're very careful about when you charge. A much more convenient (and sensible) method is to use some sort of battery to store the solar energy that you don't immediately use.
The capabilities and price point of solar technology have reached a place where innovative new uses for this energy resource are coming to the fore at a fast clip. The cost, both environmental and monetary, of traditional carbon based energy sources is beginning to decrease the attractiveness of such limited resources. With the lowering cost and rising capabilities of solar technology there is no excuse not to incorporate it into the design on new products.
The Solar Charging Station proof of concept developed in this project has proved to be a very viable concept for a product. The delivered product is a functioning prototype of an interesting concept that has high potential in the marketplace. Future work and improvement on this design could turn it into an impressive product, and we encourage any future teams to take on this task. The demand for products that utilize solar energy is rising every day and the number of portable devices that require electricity is rising with it. These two factors make the need for such a product clear. Within the last few years similar products with fewer capabilities have begun to be brought to market. Now would be a perfect time to bring a more fully featured Solar Charging Station into the market.
As a major part of the WPI curriculum the Major Qualifying Project has proven to be a valuable tool in broadening the experience of students. Our team has learned how to work through both practical and theoretical problems during this project. Time management and group dynamics went hand in hand with the engineering design process to challenge our abilities.
These along with many other skills were tested and honed during this process, and resulted in a worthwhile project experience.

5.2      RECOMMENDATION
This project is designed to be used in homes, public places and industries and wherever the need for a cell phone battery charging is needed. And should be used and maintain by a qualified personnel.
In order to reduce problems encountered in our charging systems, the following should be given due consideration:

• • Planned and routine maintenance should be carried out on the system to reduce the incident of collapsed spans • Good protection system taking into consideration the short circuit current in the network should be put in place to assist in fault isolation and protection of the system • • Faults should be promptly rectified and all the lines should be energized to reduce the incidence of vandalisation • Proper clearing should be carried out from the solar panel that have be over grown by trees and weeds to reduce the effect of sun shade.

 

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CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design and construction of a solar mobile phone powered charging station" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and construction of a solar mobile phone powered charging station" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "design and construction of a solar mobile phone powered charging station" was reviewed.

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and construction of a solar mobile phone powered charging station" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and construction of a solar mobile phone powered charging station" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and construction of a solar mobile phone powered charging station" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and construction of a solar mobile phone powered charging station" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "design and construction of a solar mobile phone powered charging station" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and construction of a solar mobile phone powered charging station" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

 

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