Generally, street lights are switched ON for whole night and during the day, they are switched off. But during the night time, street lights are not necessary if there is no traffic. Saving of this energy is very important factor these days as energy resources are getting reduced day by day. Alternatives for natural resources are very less and our next generations may face lot of problems because of lack of these natural resources. This circuit switches the street lights on detecting vehicle movement and remains off after fixed time.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The idea behind the design of this system is to make available the require illumination in our roads for nighttime events, security, and beautification. This goes a long way in helping to curb the problem frequently encountered as a result of darkness during nighttime such as thieves, arm robbers operations or wide animals approaching our homes during night hours.
A street lighting is any electrical lighting that is fixed outside house for the illumination of such environment or a Street light is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or walkway, which is turned ON or lit at a certain time every night.
Many of the people have a phobia of darkness, so to assist them in such situation; we have explained a simple circuit. This device switches street lights on detecting vehicle movement and remains off after fixed time.
1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The main objective of this work is to construct a street light that switches ON when detecting vehicle movement and remains off after fixed time. This work is built around Atmega8 microcontroller, LDR, PIR sensor and RTC.
1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Major significance of street lighting includes: prevention of accidents and increase in safety. Studies have shown that darkness results in a large number of crashes and fatalities, especially those involving pedestrians; pedestrian fatalities are 3 to 6.75 times more likely in the dark than in daylight. Street lighting has been found to reduce pedestrian crashes by approximately 50%.
Furthermore, lighted intersections and highway interchanges tend to have fewer crashes than unlighted intersections and interchanges.
Towns, cities, and villages use the unique locations provided by lampposts to hang decorative or commemorative banners.
This circuit uses LED Bulbs, so it is very low cost and it has more life span.
Maximum energy can be saved.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
- By using this Automatic system for street light controlling, we can reduce energy consumption because the manually operated street lights are not switched off properly even the sunlight comes and also not switched on earlier before sunset.
- In sunny and rainy days, ON and OFF time differ noticeably which is one of the major disadvantage of using timer circuits or manual operation for switching the street light system.
1.4 APPLICATION OF STREET LIGHTING
- This circuit can be used in real time street lights and highways also.
- This can be used for lights in parking areas of industries, hotels, restaurants, etc.
1.6 TYPES OF LAMPS USED FOR STREET LIGHTING
- Ballast: Ballast is an auxiliary piece of equipment designed to start and properly control the flow of power to discharge light sources such as fluorescent and high intensity discharge (HID) lamps. Some lamps require the ballast to have thermal protection.
- Fluorescent light: A tube coated with phosphor containing low pressure mercury vapor that produces white light.
- Halogen: Incandescent lamps containing halogen gases such as iodine or bromine, increasing the efficacy of the lamp versus a plain incandescent lamp.
- Neon: A low pressure gas contained within a glass tube; the color emitted depends on the gas.
- Light emitting diodes: Light emitting diodes (LED) are solid state devices that emit light by dint of the movement of electrons in a semiconductor material.
LED lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a standard incandescent bulb, where fluorescent lamps use compact 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer — up to 50,000 hours. A downside is still the initial cost, which is higher than that of compact fluorescent lamps. - Compact fluorescent lamps: CFLs are designed to replace incandescent lamps in existing and new installations.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
It is a simple and powerful concept, which uses Atmega8 microcontroller, LDR, PIR sensor and RTC which controls ON and OFF the street light system automatically when it detects movement of vehicle.
1.7 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to this study. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of this study were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of this study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.
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