This work is on transistor analyzer. The proposed circuit not only indicates the type of transistor(NPN/PNP) but also indicates the terminals(emitter, base and collector)using simple dual LEDs. Color diagrams of testing procedure have been given for easy following.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Transistor analyzer/tester instrument for testing the electrical behavior of transistors and solid-state diodes. Bipolar transistors are frequently used in physics laboratory for a variety of purposes. Some times during experiments it becomes necessary to test a transistor for its functioning. Normally this is done using expensive apparatus which is microprocessor based and sports a luxurious indication of transistor terminals using alphabets(e, b and c). Here a transistor tester is but yet is powerful enough that it can indicate both the type of the transistor as well as identify its terminals. As such the instrument is low cost and easy to build once the details of construction are available(which the author has already done for the reader). Further the testing procedure is also very simple requiring no more than plugging the transistor, pressing a button and observing color indication of LEDs.
BJTs are often used in in different electrical and electronic projects for as a major component to test the functioning of transistors.The main motive of this circuit is to test NPN and PNP transistors and their circuit connection. The transistors are taken and their pin layouts are determined, i.e., ECB and EBC. Transistors are tested with their pin layout and their types are observed. Designing the test circuit on a breadboard becomes inconvenient. So we will design simple which will be uncomplicated circuit that permits to test transistors.
In general, a transistor tester is used in microprocessor based expensive apparatus and boasts a luxurious indication of transistor terminals using alphabets b, e, and c. Transistor tester is an instrument which is used to test the electrical behavior of a transistor or diode.
The transistor type NPN/PNP determines the polarity of the connections. The orientation of the transistor is the pin layout. I define the pin layout when looking at the top of the transistor with the flat side facing toward you. That is probably not the official way to classify them but it makes more sense to me when I am placing them in a circuit.
- EBC stands for Emitter Base Collector. When I use this acronym I am saying that the pin to the left is the emitter, the middle pin is the base, and the right pin is the collector.
- ECB similar to the above acronym stands for Emitter Collector Base. The emitter pin is again on the left but the middle pin is the collector and the right pin is the base.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The main objective of this system is to design a device that will test or analyse NPN and PNP transistors and their circuit connection.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
BJTs are often used in different electrical and electronic projects for as a major component to test the functioning of transistors. The transistors are taken and their pin layouts are determined, i.e., ECB and EBC. Transistors are tested with their pin layout and their types are observed. Designing the test circuit on a breadboard becomes inconvenient. So we will design simple which will be uncomplicated circuit that permits to test transistors.
1.4 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of this circuit is to test NPN and PNP transistors and to identify their pin layouts, ie ECB, EBC. I find myself testing a lot of transistors to determine their pin layout and type and as such find that building the test circuit on a breadboard has become a hassle so I wanted an easy circuit that would be more permanent and would allow me to analyze transistors.
1.5 TYPES OF TRANSISTOR ANALYZER
There are three types of transistor analyzer each performing a unique operation.
- Quick-check in-circuit checker
- Service type tester
- Laboratory-standard tester
- CIRCUIT ANALYZER
A circuit analyzer is used to check whether a transistor which has previously been performing properly in a circuit is still operational. The transistor's ability to "amplify" is taken as a rough index of its performance. This type of tester indicates to a technician whether the transistor is dead or still operative. The advantage of this tester is that the transistor does not have to be removed from the circuit. - Service type transistor testers
These devices usually perform three types of checks:
- Forward-current gain, or beta of transistor.
- Base-to-collector leakage current with emitter open(ico)
- Short circuits from collector to emitter and base.
Some service analyzer include a go/no-go feature, indicating a pass when a certain hfe is exceeded. These are useful, but fail some functional but low hfe transistors.
Some also provide a means of identifying transistor elements, if these are unknown. The tester has all these features and can check solid-state devices in and out of circuit.
Transistor hfe varies fairly widely with Ic, so measurements with the service type tester give readings that can differ quite a bit from the hfe in the transistor's real life application. Hence these testers are useful, but can't be regarded as giving accurate real-life hfe values.
Laboratory-standard transistor tester or Analyser
This type of tester is used for measuring transistor parameters dynamically under various operating conditions. The readings they give are absolute. Among the important characteristics measured are:
- Icbo collector current with emitter open (Common base)
- ac beta (Common emitter)
- Rin (Input resistance)
Transistor testers have the necessary controls and switches for making the proper voltage, current and signal settings. A meter with a calibrated "good" and "bad" scale is on the front. In addition, these transistor testers are designed to check the solid-state diodes. There are also testers for checking high transistor and rectifiers.
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