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TITLE PAGE
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
BY
---
EE/H2007/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "design and construction of a variable frequency drive industrial applications" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on Electrical and Electronics Engineering has been approved.
By
Engr. --- Engr. ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
Engr. ---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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When Tesla first introduced the 3-phase alternating current (AC) induction motor in 1888, he knew that his invention was more efficient and reliable than Edison's direct current (DC) motor. However, AC motor speed control requires either varying the magnetic flux or changing the number of poles on the motor. Even decades after the induction motor gained widespread use, changing the frequency for speed control remained an extremely difficult task — and the physical construction of the motor prevented manufacturers from creating motors with more than two speeds.
As a result, DC motors were necessary where accurate speed control and significant power output were required. In contrast to AC motor speed control requirements, DC motor speed control was achieved by inserting a rheostat into the low-power DC field circuit, which was feasible with available technology. These simple motor controls varied the speed and torque, and were the most economical way to do so for a number of decades.
However, A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is a type of motor controller that drives an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage supplied to the electric motor. A variable frequency drive is an adjustable speed} drive. VFDs are available in a number of different low and medium voltage AC-AC and DC-AC topologies. In this work the industrial application is discussed.
COMMON VFD TERMS
There are several terms used to describe devices that control speed. While the acronyms are often used interchangeably, the terms have different meanings.
Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)
This device uses power electronics to vary the frequency of input power to the motor, thereby controlling motor speed.
Variable Speed Drive (VSD)
This more generic term applies to devices that control the speed of either the motor or the equipment driven by the motor (fan, pump, compressor, etc.). This device can be either electronic or mechanical.
Adjustable Speed Drive (ASD)
Again, a more generic term applying to both mechanical and electrical means of controlling speed.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
COMMON VFD TERMS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- AIM OF THE PROJECT
- OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- BENEFIT OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM OF THE PROJECT
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- OVERVIEW OF AC INDUCTION MOTOR DESIGN
- THE PURPOSE OF INDUCTION MOTORS
- INDUCTION MOTOR CONSTRUCTION
- OPERATING PRINCIPLES
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
- BASICS OF THE SYSTEM
- INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
- VFD OPERATION
- INSTALLATION OF VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES
- CONSTANT V/F RATIO OPERATION
- VARIABLE SPEED CONCERNS
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Electric AC motor works at fixed speeds and are ideally suited to applications where a constant output speed is required. However around half of all motor applications have some kind of varying speed demand and this includes processes such as moving air and liquids (fans and pumps), winding reels and precision tools.
Historically in applications requiring precise speed control such as paper winding reels expensive direct current (DC) motors or hydraulic couplings were used to regulate the machine speed, whereas in other applications the processes have been controlled by opening and closing dampers and valves, or changing output speeds with gears, pulleys, and similar devices whilst the motor works at constant speed.
In the 1980's and 1990's, variable frequency drives started appearing on the electric market offering an alternative method of control. A variable frequency drive, also called frequency inverter, adjustable speed drive, the basic working principle is adjusting the electrical supply to an AC motor with a corresponding frequency and voltage change in the motor's speed and torque output.
By implementing this type of control a very close match between motor speed and the process requirements of the machine it is driving may be achieved.
Variable frequency drive technology is now mature and enjoying widespread adoption and use with AC motors; Variable frequency drives are extremely versatile and offer a high degree of motor control where motor speeds can be accurately varied from zero rpm through over 100% of the rated speed, whilst the torque is also adjusted to suit.
Large part of electrical energy production is used to be converted into mechanical energy via different kinds of electric motors –DC Motors, Synchronous Motors and Induction Motors. This is because it is one of the most widely used motors in the world. The major reason behind the popularity of the Induction Motors are[4]:
- Induction Motors are cheap compared to DC and Synchronous Motors. In this age of competition, this is prime requirement for any machine. Due to its economy of procurement, installation and use, the Induction Motors is usually the first choice for an operation.
- Squirrel cage Induction Motors are very rugged in construction. There robustness enables them to be used in all kinds of environment and for long duration of time.
- Induction Motors have high efficiency of energy conversion. Also they are very reliable.
- Owing to their simplicity of construction, Induction Motors have very low maintenance cost.
The Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) industry is growing rapidly and it is now more important than ever for technicians and maintenance personnel to keep VFD installations running smoothly. Variable Frequency Drives (VFD) change the speed of motor by changing voltage and frequency of the power supplied to the motor. In order to maintain proper power factor and reduce excessive heating of the motor, the name plate volts/hertz ratio must be maintained. This is the main task of Variable Frequency Drive.
- Variable Frequency Drive (AC drives) are used to stepless speed control of squirrel cage induction motors mostly used in process plants due to its ruggedness and maintenance free long life.
1.1 AIM OF THE PROJECT
The main aim of this work is write on the device that is used in electro-mechanical drive systems to control AC or DC motor speed and torque by varying motor input frequency and voltage.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The objective of this work is to provides variable speed to an electric motor.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of the work is to convert the incoming electrical supply of fixed frequency and voltage into a variable frequency and variable voltage that is output to the motor with a corresponding change in the motor speed and torque.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The only really satisfactory way of obtaining the variable-voltage electric supply needed for speed control of an industrial electric motor was to generate it with a electric generator. The generator was driven at fixed speed by an induction motor, and the field of the generator was varied in order to vary the generated voltage.
Low power control circuits are used to monitor the principal variables of interest (usually motor current and speed), and to generate appropriate firing pulses so that the motor maintains constant speed despite variations in the load.
As VFD usage in HVAC applications has increased, fans, pumps, air handlers, and chillers can benefit from speed control. Variable frequency drives provide the following advantages:
- energy savings
- low motor starting current
- reduction of thermal and mechanical stresses on motors and belts during starts
- simple installation
- high power factor
- lower KVA
Understanding the basis for these benefits will allow engineers and operators to apply VFDs with confidence and achieve the greatest operational savings.
1.7 PROBLEM OF THE PROJECT
Drawback of this method of an electric motor speed control is that they are not able to control the motor speed smoothly at lower levels, and as the desired speed is decreased, the torque of the motor also decreases proportionately. Due to this, at any unpredictable point the motor may just halt very abruptly. Also, during power ON, the motor may just not start up at lower speed settings and may require an initial boost by increasing the setting. Such situations are pretty undesirable and do not constitute an ideal speed control.
CHAPTER TWO: The complete chapter two of "design and construction of a variable frequency drive industrial applications" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and construction of a variable frequency drive industrial applications" consist of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "design and construction of a variable frequency drive industrial applications" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and construction of a variable frequency drive industrial applications" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and construction of a variable frequency drive industrial applications" consist of the methodology "design and construction of a variable frequency drive industrial applications". In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
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CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "design and construction of a variable frequency drive industrial applications" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and construction of a variable frequency drive industrial applications" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references of "design and construction of a variable frequency drive industrial applications".
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