DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A 1.5W POWER AMPLIFIER
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APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work,"design and construction of a 1.5w power amplifier" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on Electrical and Electronics Engineering has been approved.
By
Engr. --- Engr. ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
Engr. ---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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This is a stereo audio power amplifier capable of delivering 1.5 W of continuous RMS power per channel into 4-Ω loads. This device functionality provides a very efficient upgrade path from transistors mono amplifiers. It has application for headphone drive. The amplifier is very simple power amplifier module that can be easily built with readily available components. A power amplifier contains audio input, amplifier, driver, output and power supply sections. The amplifier section provides most of the voltage gain. The driver stage is a buffer between the amplifier section and the output stage. The output stage usually has to drive a low-impedance load such as a loudspeaker. The power comes from the power supply, and the output signal appearing across the load should ideally be a replica of the input signal. In other words, the output stage takes power from a DC supply to boost the signal so it can drive a load. The block diagram of the amplifier is shown in Fig. 3.1.
Fig. 3.1: Block diagram of 1.5W power amplifier
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 AIM OF THE PROJECT
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
1.3 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
1.4 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF AN AMPLIFIER
2.2 REVIEW OF CLASSIFICATION OF POWER AMPLIFIERS
2.3 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO MODE OF OPERATION
2.4 REVIEW OF TRANSISTOR BIASING
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CONSTRUCTION
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN AUDIO POWER AMPLIFIER
3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF A 1.5W AMPLIFIER
3.3 CIRCUIT OPERATION
3.4 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
3.5 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT
3.6 PARTS LIST OF 1.5WATT AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT
3.7 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.0 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
4.1 CASING AND PACKAGING
4.2 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.3 TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
4.4 COST ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
5.3 REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
An Amplifier circuit can be described as, a circuit which is used to increase the input signal. But, not every amplifier circuit is the same due to their type of circuit configuration as well as operation. In electronic circuits, a small signal amplifier can be used because it amplifies a small input signal. There are different types of amplifier circuits like operational amplifiers, power amplifiers, and small signal to large signal amplifiers. The amplifiers classification can be done based on the signal size, configuration and process of the input signal which means the relationship among the flow of current within the load as well as an input signal. This work discusses an overview of DC amplifiers [1].
A DC amplifier (direct coupled amplifier) can be defined as is a kind of amplifier where the one stage output of the amplifier can be connected to the next stage input for allowing the signals without frequency. So this is named as the direct current which passes from input to output. The DC amplifier is another type of coupling amplifier and this amplifier is particularly used for amplifying low-frequencies like thermocouple current otherwise photoelectric current [3].
This type of amplifier can be used for both DC (direct current) signals as well as AC (alternating current) signals. The DC amplifier’s frequency response is the same as LPF (low pass filter). The direct current amplification can be achievable only by using this amplifier, therefore later it turns into the basic building block of the differential as well as operational amplifier. In addition, monolithic IC(integrated circuit) technology does not permit the production of large coupling capacitors [1][2][3].
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The main objective of this work is to build an amplifier in which the output of one stage of the amplifier is coupled to the input of the next stage in such a way as to permit signals with zero frequency, also referred to as direct current, to pass from input to output whose power is rated 1.5w.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
The advantages of the amplifiers include the following.
- This is a simple circuit and can be designed a minimum number of basic electronic components
- It is inexpensive
- This amplifier can be used to amplify low-frequency signals
As we all know that no human effort to achieve a set of goals goes without difficulties, certain constraints were encountered in the course of carrying out this project and they are as follows:-
- Difficulty in information collection: I found it too difficult in laying hands of useful information regarding this work and this course me to visit different libraries and internet for solution.
- Difficulty in parts gathering: I found it too difficult when gathering electronics parts used for the prototype.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet).
The applications of this amplifier include the following [4][5].
- The applications of DC amplifiers include computers, regulator circuits¸ TV receivers, and other electronic devices.
- This amplifier can build differential amplifiers as well as operational amplifiers.
- These amplifiers can be used in pulse amplifiers, differential amplifiers,
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The amplifier circuit can be operated without using capacitors, transformer, inductor, etc which is known as frequency sensitive components. This amplifier amplifies the AC signal by low frequency. Whenever we applied a positive half cycle at the input of the primary transistor Q1. This transistor is already biased with the help of the divider bias network. The applied half cycle can make the Q1 transistor forward biased to start the conduction & provide an amplified and inverter output the collector terminal [4][5].
1.7 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
- How does an amplifier work?
- What is an amplifier?
To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:
- Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
- Draw a block diagram.
- Test for continuity of components and devices,
- Design and calculation for the amplifier was carried out.
- Studying of various component used in circuit.
- Construct the amplifier circuit.
- Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.
CHAPTER ONE: The complete chapter one of this work is available. Order full work to download. Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to this study. In this chapter, the background, significance, scope, objective, the need (benefit), limitation and problem, advantages of this work was discussed.
CHAPTER TWO: The complete chapter two of “design and construction of a 1.5w power amplifier” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of “design and construction of a 1.5w power amplifier” consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on “design and construction of a 1.5w power amplifier” was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of “design and construction of a 1.5w power amplifier” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of “design and construction of a 1.5w power amplifier” consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of “design and construction of a 1.5w power amplifier” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of “design and construction of a 1.5w power amplifier” consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a “design and construction of a 1.5w power amplifier” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of “design and construction of a 1.5w power amplifier” consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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