DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN ANALOGUE MULTIMETER
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TITLE PAGE
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN ANALOGUE MULTIMETER
BY
---
EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "design and construction of an analogue multimeter" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on Electrical and Electronics Engineering has been approved.
By
Dr. --- Dr. ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
Dr. ---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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This work is on an analogue multimeter. A multimeter is a tool basically used to measure current, voltage and resistance. An analog multimeter is the most commonly used instrument by technicians and engineers in the laboratory as well as other repair works. As it is clear from the name of this instrument, it can make many (multi) measurements with reasonable accuracy such as AC and DC voltages, currents, and resistances. The aim of this work is to build a hand-held device that uses moving pointer to display readings useful for basic fault finding and field service work, or a bench instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
- BENEFIT OF THE PROJECT
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- OVERVIEW OF AN ANALOG MULTIMETERS
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- GENERAL PROPERTIES OF MULTIMETERS
- OPERATIONAL REVIEW OF A MULTIMETER
- ANALOGUE MULTIMETER VARIOUS MEASUREMENT REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.3 CIRCUIT OPERATION AND DESCRIPTION
3.5 PARTS LIST
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 TESTING AND RESULTS
- CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
- CASING
- PACKAGING
- MOUNTING PROCEDURE
- TESTING
- RESULT ANALYSIS
- MEASUREMENT SAFETY
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- RECOMMENDATION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
A multimeter is also known as a multitester, or a VOM (volt-ohm-milliammeter), is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter can measure voltage, current, and resistance. There are two two types of multimeter: analogue and digital multimeter. Analog multimeters uses a microammeter with a moving pointer to display readings while Digital multimeters (DMM, DVOM) have a numeric display, and may also show a graphical bar representing the measured value. Digital multimeters are now far more common due to their cost and precision, but analog multimeters are still preferable in some cases, for example when monitoring a rapidly varying value [2,3].
In this work we are focusing on analogue type of multimeter. An analogue multimeter is one of the trusty workhorses of the electronics test industry. Analogue multimeters have been in use for very many years and sometimes go by the name VOA as a result of the fact that they measure volts, ohms and amps. These multimeters are extremely flexible and enable very many faults to be found in an electronic circuit [1].
Analog multimeter was first of its type, but due to latest technological development after development of digital multimeters, nowadays it is of less use. However, despite such advancements, it is still essential, and we can’t neglect it. An analog multimeter is a PMMC meter. It works based on the d’Arsonval galvanometer principle. It consists a needle to indicate the measured value on the scale. A coil moves in a magnetic field when current passes through it. The indicating needle is fastened to the coil [4]. During the flow of current through the coil, a deflecting torque gets produced due to which the coil rotates at some angle, and the pointer moves over a graduated scale. A pair of hairsprings is attached to the moving spindle to provide the controlling torque. In a multimeter, the galvanometer is a left- zero-type instrument, i.e. needle rests to the extreme left of the scale from where the scale begins with zero [3].
The meter acts as an ammeter with a low series resistance to measure direct current. For measuring high current, we connect a shunt resistor across the galvanometer so that the current through the galvanometer does not cross its maximum allowed value. Here, a significant portion of the current to be measured bypasses through the shunt. With that shunt resistance, an analog multimeter can measure even milli-ammeter or ammeter ranges of current [2].
For DC voltage measurement, the primary instrument becomes a DC voltage measuring apparatus or DC voltmeter. By adding a multiplier resistance, an analog multimeter can measure the voltage from milli-volts to kilovolts, and this meter works as a millivoltmeter, a voltmeter or even as a kilo voltmeter[2].
By adding a battery and a resistance network, this instrument can work as an ohmmeter. We can change the range of the ohmmeter by connecting a switch to a suitable shunt resistance. By selecting different values of shunt resistance, we can obtain different scales of resistance measurement.
Analog multimeters, like digital ones have a variety of ranges. They are described in terms of Full Scale Deflection or FSD. This is the maximum that the range can read. In order to get the best reading, it is necessary to have the scale reading somewhere between about a quarter and all of the FSD. In this way the optimum accuracy and significant number of figures can be read. As a result of this meters have a variety of ranges, that may appear to be reasonably close to each other [2,3].
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
All functioning electronic gadget or electric device operates with electronic parts or electric wiring which can fail at any time due to some abnormalities such as aging, under or over-voltages and intermittent power loss. When an electric or electronic circuit fails, the maintenance personnel needs not to troubleshoot the circuit or circuit’s components just by assumption. Assumption in an electric or electronic circuit can lead to failure or loss of lives by electrocution. In order to avoid this, an analogue multimeter was invented.
1.3 AIM OF THE PROJECT
The main aim of the project is to build a hand-held device that uses moving pointer to display readings useful for basic fault finding and field service work, or a bench instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy.
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
At the end of this work, the student involves shall be able to build a simple analogue multimeter that is capable of measuring current, voltages and resistance. The device shall be able to measure resistance, current and voltages in the following range:
- DC Voltage: 2.5V, 10V, 25V, 100V, 250V, 1000V
- AC voltage: 10V, 25V, 100V, 250V, 1000V
- DC Current: 50µA, 1mA 10mW, 100mA
- Resistance: R, 100R, 10 000R
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
Analogue meters are older designs, but are still preferred by many engineers and troubleshooters. One reason for this is that analog meters are more sensitive to changes in the circuit that is being measured
Analogue multimeters continuously read the test value. If there are slight changes in readings, the needle of an analog multimeter will track them.
Resistance measurements on an analog meter, in particular, can be of low precision due to the typical resistance measurement circuit which compresses the scale heavily at the higher resistance values. Inexpensive analog meters may have only a single resistance scale, seriously restricting the range of precise measurements. Typically, an analog meter will have a panel adjustment to set the zero-ohms calibration of the meter, to compensate for the varying voltage of the meter battery, and the resistance of the meter's test leads [4,5,6].
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- One of the challenges of an analogue multimeter is its sensitivity. This comes about because the meter must draw a certain amount of current from the circuit it is measuring in order for the meter to deflect. Accordingly the meter appears as another resistor placed between the points being measured. The way this is specified is in terms of a certain number of Ohms (or more usually kOhms) per volt. The figure enables the effective resistance to be calculated for any given range [2].
Thus if a multimeter had a sensitivity of 20 kOhms per volt, then on the range having a full scale deflection of 10 volts, it would appear as a resistance of 10 x 20 kohms, i.e. 200 kohms.
When making measurements the resistance of the meter should be at the very least ten times the resistance of the circuit being measured. As a rough guide, this can be taken to be the highest resistor value near where the meter is connected [3][4].
- It requires manual reading of parameters from the scale which is cumbersome unlike digital multimeter.
- The results are not accurate unlike DMM. The inaccurate results are caused due to three types of errors viz. improper range setting, improper counting on the scale, wrong setting on AC/DC.
- The meter uses needle which is rotated by magnetic field. It gets damage if meter gets dropped by mistake.
- Analogue multimeter does not have any digital circuitry. Hence it cannot perform advanced measurements such as frequency, impedance, waveform analysis etc. which are commonly measured by digital multimeter.
- The pointer movement is slow, can’t be used to measure voltages with frequencies higher than 50 HZ
- Analog meters are bulky in size.
- Inaccurate due to the effect of earth magnetic field.
- They are vulnerable to shock and vibration.
1.7 BENEFITS OF ANALOG MULTIMETER
Following are the benefits or advantages of Analogue Multimeter:
- They are cheaper compare to digital meters.
- They respond very quickly to measurement.
- They do not require batteries unless resistance needs to be measured.
1.7 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
Analogue multimeter is one of the trusty workhorses of the electronics test industry for basic fault finding and field service work which is also used by:
- Electronics hobbyist
- Electronics technicians
- Electronics repairers
- Electronics labs
- Electricians, etc.
1.8 PROJECT ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.
CHAPTER TWO: The complete chapter two of “design and construction of an analogue multimeter” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of “design and construction of an analogue multimeter” consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on “design and construction of an analogue multimeter” was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of “design and construction of an analogue multimeter” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of “design and construction of an analogue multimeter” consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of “design and construction of an analogue multimeter” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of “design and construction of an analogue multimeter” consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of “design and construction of an analogue multimeter” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of “design and construction of an analogue multimeter” consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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