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TITLE PAGE

 

BY

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--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---

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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "design and construction of an automatic car parking slot indicator using microcontroller" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.

By
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Supervisor                                                  Head of Department.
Signature……………….                           Signature……………….        

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External Invigilator

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION: This work "an improved vehicle parking mechanism to reduce parking space searching time using firefly algorithm and feed forward back propagation method" research material is a complete and well researched project material strictly for academic purposes, which has been approved by different Lecturers from different higher institutions. We made Preliminary pages, Abstract and Chapter one of "an improved vehicle parking mechanism to reduce parking space searching time using firefly algorithm and feed forward back propagation method" visible for everyone, then the complete material on "an improved vehicle parking mechanism to reduce parking space searching time using firefly algorithm and feed forward back propagation method" is to be ordered for. Happy viewing!!!

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An issue of finding parking space is a serious concern in some locations, especially shopping complexes, hospitals, buildings,malls and other premises requires large parking space for vehicles. The parking scenario becomes worst on special occasions likefestivals, fiesta and weekends. The conventional developed techniques using installation of sensors in parking zone for parking vehicles becomes costly.Therefore,are liable method is required that works for long time to manage traffic congestion that occurs while searching for parking space. In this paper, a novel method is proposed for parking vehicles using metaheuristic approaches. The developed approach provides consistent results considering two parameters, parking efficiency and parkingspace search time. The parking efficiency is improved and parking space search time is reduced using the Firefly Algorithm (FA)and FeedForwardBackPropagation NeuralNetwork(NN)approach.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE

1.       INTRODUCTION
2. BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
3. PROBLEM STATEMENT
4. AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
5. PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
6. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
7. APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
8. LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
9. BENEFIT OF THE PROJECT
10. METHODOLOGY
11. PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

1. OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
2. REVIEW OF RELATED STUDY
3. DEFINITION CAR PARKING SYSTEM
4. TYPES OF CAR PARKING SYSTEM
5. GENERAL FEATURES OF CAR PARKING SYSTEM
6. PROCESS OF CAR PARKING SYSTEM
7. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND CAR PARKING SYSTEMS
8. DESCRIPTION OF PARKING

CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY

1. BLOCK DIAGRAM
2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
3. SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
4. SYSTEM FLOW CHART
5. SYSTEM PROGRAMME CODE
6. DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED
7. POWER SUPPLY UNIT

CHAPTER FOUR
TEST AND RESULT ANALYSIS

1. CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE
2. CASING AND PACKAGING
3. ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4. PACKAGING
5. MOUNTING PROCEDURE
6. TESTING

CHAPTER FIVE

1. CONCLUSION
2. RECOMMENDATION
3. REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

There is a general problem of finding free space for parking vehicles in crowded cities, particularly at shoppingcentres,theatres,sports venues,wedding places,hospitalsandothertourist destinations [1].Thereisa greatcomplexityfor the beginners toparka vehicleinpeak hours, suchas holidays,weekends etc.The problem ofparking occurs due to inadequate space for parking which in turn leads to congestion and people often gets frustratedbecause of not finding available space for parking. Meanwhile, the problem of parking becomes worst as morepopulation is migrating from towns to cities. So, automated parking methods were developed to access the parkingspaces. These methods include implementation of Light Emitting Diode (LED) boards for counting parked vehicles,but it is not successful as detecting vacant locations is not possible. In addition, the installation and maintenanceprocess of LED boards is costly and cumbersome as parking lot ceiling require wires for connecting parking sensors.Thus, a lot of research has been conducted for smart parking solutions in an affordable cost [2] but some cities doesnot have spatial resources to meet the need. Thus, alternative ways are suggested to solve the problem of parking.Researchers attempted to remove unnecessary parking sites for better planning of parking management. Though, ifvisitors have real time information about the location of parking spaces, then waiting time can be reduced with theadjustment of travelling schedule [3]. Smart parking solutions and intelligent systems provide a way to accessinformation about the efficient parking lots. The main objective of adopting intelligent systems is to efficientlymanage available resources, more specifically; parking facilities were enhanced to increase the space for parkingusing parking rotary systems. But these methods still needs more advancement for finding the best solution. The realtime information accessed by predictive approach based on neural network provides the best solution [4]. Predictionmodel analyze the strengths of learning methods using prediction features. Furthermore, Support vector regressionmodel was proposed to access vacant spaces for a specific time. The experiments were conducted to predict theavailable parking spaces. The proposed model was evaluated using different machine optimization algorithms [5]. Inthis paper, an improved model has been proposed to determine the vacant parking spaces using Firefly Algorithm which has been used with Feed Forward Back Propagation Neural Network method(FA-NN).

1.2                                    PROBLEMSTATEMENT

Because of the advancement in technological worlds, people often use cars and vehicles in daily life to meet theirroutine needs. The parking scenario comes in concern due to the traffic congestion and jamming problems.Theproblem becomes worst, when drivers wait for the long time, which results in wastage of fuel and time. Morespecifically, there were many solutions proposed in the literature. Some were sensor based, which increases the costwhileotherreliesonindividualneeds.Therefore,toresolvetheissueof vehicleparkingina parkinglot, animproved novel firefly algorithm based detection system has been developed. The developed method has beenevaluated usingfeed forwardbackpropagation method,aneuralnetworktechnique.
1.3                       AIM /OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
The aim of this project is to solve these problems of car parking using automatic car parking slot indicator using microcontroller. The microcontroller serves as a programming tool to run the whole operation, to  reduce  the  cost  in  terms  of  requirement  such  as  job opportunity  and to increase security. Moreover, this system is faster, flexible and can meet market needs. The system also has software which fulfils the following objectives:

1. To indicate Reserve parking space
2. To solve car congestion problem
3. Generates bar code after payment

1.4                               PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose is to control the number of the car inside it, how to monitor the movement in/out side of the parking lot, how to check whether there is a place inside for more cars or not and the safety to park.

1.5                                  SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The scope of this project covers “improved Car Parking System” which controls parking spaces. The novel approachincludes the Firefly Algorithm which has been used with Feed Forward Back Propagation Neural Network method(FA-NN). The effectiveness of proposed approach has been evaluated using the parameters parking efficiency andparkingspace searchtimingmeasurement.

1.6     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
It will enable the drivers at the exit gate to enter if there is any empty space in the parking and disable them to enter when there is no empty space. It will manage the main parking spaces by alerting the drivers if there are spaces to park in or not. It will provide an automated system that whenever there is no space no one can access the parking and when there is space drivers can access the parking.      
In terms of money, this project has two things in   general; namely: It will reduce the number of people needed at the gate to guide drivers.
It will provide a way of getting money for any institution that has this system because it can be put on the market and people use it for their interest like in a commercial sector where an institution has movement of clients that have vehicles and the institution cannot support them at the same time; hence this automated system can be a solution.

1.7                          APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT
This device is used in public places such as:

1. Garage
2. Worshipping centres
3. Industries
4. Business areas

To provide ease, and sense of safety and security of the vehicle in the crowded areas.

1.8                            LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

1. There is a greater construction cost per space
2. Use of redundant systems will result in a greater cost.
3. It may be a bit confusing for unfamiliar users.
4. There may be a fear of breakdown. The system might malfunction if a sensor gets damaged

1.9                                BENEFIT OF THE PROJECT
i.   There is a greater sense of security due to the fact that patrons do not actually walk to and from their own space.
ii.   It is highly feasible for extremely small sites that are unable to accommodate a conventional ramped parking structure.
iii. There is high parking efficiency

1. There is no need for driving while looking for an available space.
2. Emissions are greatly brought down and reduced.
3. The patrons wait for their car in a highly controlled environment.
4. There are less chances for vehicle vandalism.
5. There is a minimal staff requirement if it is used by known parkers.

CHAPTER FIVE
5.1                                                           CONCLUSION
At the end of this work, an automatic car parking slot indicator was designed. This device was designed to indicate empty slots and filled slots, so that a car driving person can directly take his car to that particular empty slot. It indicates the slot state by LEDs and also in LCD screen. It  used IR sensors to sense the presence of car in the slot.

5.2                                                    RECOMMENDATION
This project is designed to be used in cars by drivers and should:

• be used by garages that have knowledge of it 
• be installed and maintained by a qualified personnel.

 

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CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design and construction of an automatic car parking slot indicator using microcontroller" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and construction of an automatic car parking slot indicator using microcontroller" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "design and construction of an automatic car parking slot indicator using microcontroller" was reviewed.

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and construction of an automatic car parking slot indicator using microcontroller" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and construction of an automatic car parking slot indicator using microcontroller" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and construction of an automatic car parking slot indicator using microcontroller" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and construction of an automatic car parking slot indicator using microcontroller" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "design and construction of an automatic car parking slot indicator using microcontroller" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and construction of an automatic car parking slot indicator using microcontroller" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

 

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