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TITLE PAGE
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN AUTOMATIC LED STREET LIGHT USING ELECTRONICS LDR AND PIR SENSOR
BY
---
--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, " design and construction of an automatic led street light using electronics ldr and pir sensor" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
--- . ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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Automatic street light control system is used in modern world for energy savings by using Light dependent Resistor (LDR).Nowadays the human has not enough time, and he/she is unable to find time even to switch the lights on or off. This new system can be used more effectively in case of street lights. In proposed system, the street lights will be switched on just before the sun sets and are switched off the next day morning when there is sufficient light on the road. The proposed model also uses motion sensor to control the intensity of light. Huge power is consumed when most the vehicles don’t move during the late. This paper shows that the proposed System is relatively low cost, efficiency is better than the existing system.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
-
AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- METHODOLOGY
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- REVIEW OF HISTORY OF LIGHTING
- REVIEW AND DESCRIPTION OF LED LIGHT
- HEALTH CONCERNS ABOUT LED LIGHTS
- REVIEW OF ADVANTAGES OF LED LIGHTS
- DISADVANTAGES OF LED LIGHTS
- REVIEW OF THE RELATED WORK
- Review OF THE STUDY
- TYPES OF LAMPS USED FOR STREET LIGHTING
- APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
- SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
- System Components
- DESIGN OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS
- Working Procedure
CHAPTER FOUR
- Design Analysis
- COST ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- RECOMMENDATION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The idea behind the design of this system is to make available the require illumination in our roads for nighttime events, security, and beautification. This goes a long way in helping to curb the problem frequently encountered as a result of darkness during nighttime such as thieves, arm robbers operations or wide animals approaching our homes during night hours.
A street lighting is any electrical lighting that is fixed outside house for the illumination of such environment or a Street light is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or walkway, which is turned ON or lit at a certain time every night.
Many of the people have a phobia of darkness, so to assist them in such situation; we have explained a simple circuit. This device switches street lights on detecting vehicle movement and remains off after fixed time.
In 21st century it is quite impossible to avoid accident during night without lights. So street light is the essential part in our busy life for safety purposes. But the manpower required for controlling the light cuts a huge cost .So in this situation this project helps to reduce the cost of man power and reducing power Consumption. During day time there is no essence of street light so the LDR keeps the street light off. As soon as the light intensity is low then the LDR is started working and the light is switched on. Motion sensor has a huge indoor and outdoor application. Very common application of motion sensor is activation of automatic door opening. Motion sensor also used instead of convention sensor because of its accuracy. Motion sensor also used as an alarm when it detects the motion of a possible intruder.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The existing street lighting control system used timer and photocell. The timer is set up to turn on the street light within 7.00 p.m. until 7.00 a.m. Meanwhile, photocell reacts based on the presence of light or electromagnetic energy. In a rainy day or when the light intensity is low, the photocell will energize the contact and automatically turn on the street lights. This system is quite inefficient since the condition of day and night is uncertain. Sometimes at 7.00 p.m. the day is still bright but the street light is already switched on. In contrast, at 7.00 a.m. the street light is already switched off although the day is still dark. Thus, this system is quite inflexible. In order to surge the efficiency, a modern street lighting control system must be able to adapt the light level intensity to determine the optimum energy consumption level. However, power wastage will happen if there is no user or vehicles use that road especially in rural areas at midnight. This device was built to solve this problem by providing full (when an object is detected) and dim output when no output was detected. And it also has the capacity of switching ON automatically during sunset and OFF during sunrise.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main aim of this work is to construct a street light that switches to full output light on detecting vehicle movement and dim level when no vehicle is detected. It also has the capacity of switching ON during sunset and OFF during sunrise. The objectives of the work are:
- to build a street light that is cost effective
- to save energy
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
Major significance of street lighting includes: prevention of accidents and increase in safety. Studies have shown that darkness results in a large number of crashes and fatalities, especially those involving pedestrians; pedestrian fatalities are 3 to 6.75 times more likely in the dark than in daylight. Street lighting has been found to reduce pedestrian crashes by approximately 50%.
Furthermore, lighted intersections and highway interchanges tend to have fewer crashes than unlighted intersections and interchanges.
Towns, cities, and villages use the unique locations provided by lampposts to hang decorative or commemorative banners.
In design of street light for industrial applications, ultrasonic sensors are characterized by their reliability and outstanding versatility. Ultrasonic sensors can be used to solve even the most complex tasks involving object detection or level measurement withmillimetre precision, because their measuring method works reliably under almost all conditions.
No other measuring method can be successfully put to use on such a wide scale and in so many different applications. The devices areextremely robust, making them suitable for even the toughest conditions. The sensor surface cleans itself through vibration, and that is not the only reason why the sensor is insensitive to dirt. The physical principle—the propagation of sound—works, with a few exceptions, in practically any environment. Ultrasonic sensors have proven their reliability and endurance in virtually all industrial sectors when used in street light.
If the lighting system implements all LED lights, the cost of the maintenance can be reduced as the life span and durability of LEDs is higher than Neon based lights which are normally used as street lights.
As the lights are automatically turned ON or OFF, dim or full, huge amount of energy can be saved.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
Project deals with making a smart street light that would enable it full (100%) output on detection object (human being or vehicle) and dim (60%) output when no object is detected using PIR as the sensor. The system also comes during on sunset and OFF during sunrise, and this action is controlled by light dependent resistor. This device was built around LDR, LM 358, Diode, BC 547, Relay, Voltage regulator, Bulb, Motion sensor, Resistor, Adapter.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
As we all know that no human effort to achieve a set of goals goes without difficulties, certain constraints were encountered in the course of carrying out this project and they are as follows:-
- Difficulty in information collection: I found it too difficult in laying hands of useful information regarding this work and this course me to visit different libraries and internet for solution.
Difficulty in parts gathering: I found it too difficult when gathering electronics parts used for the prototype.
1.7 METHODOLOGY
To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:
- Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
- Draw a block diagram.
- Test for continuity of components and devices,
- Design of was carried out.
- Studying of various component used in circuit.
- Construct the circuit.
- Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.
1.8 PROJECT ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of " design and construction of an automatic led street light using electronics ldr and pir sensor" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of " design and construction of an automatic led street light using electronics ldr and pir sensor" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on " design and construction of an automatic led street light using electronics ldr and pir sensor" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of " design and construction of an automatic led street light using electronics ldr and pir sensor" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of " design and construction of an automatic led street light using electronics ldr and pir sensor" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of " design and construction of an automatic led street light using electronics ldr and pir sensor" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of " design and construction of an automatic led street light using electronics ldr and pir sensor" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a " design and construction of an automatic led street light using electronics ldr and pir sensor" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of " design and construction of an automatic led street light using electronics ldr and pir sensor" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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